Table 5.
Concentration of soluble ions in water samples from wells and springs during the dry (dry) and rainy (rainy) season
| Sampling sites | Na+ (mg L−1) | K+ (mg L−1) | PO43−(mg L−1) | SO42− (mg L−1) | NO3−(mg L−1) | NO2−(mg L−1) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | Dry | Rainy | |
| FS1 | 92.61 | 36.42 | 5.46 | 2.37 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 103.24 | 78.66 | 6.33 | 8.52 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| FS2 | 78.56 | 58.90 | 4.88 | 2.19 | 0.83 | 0.07 | 94.32 | 19.45 | 1.32 | 12.40 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| FK1 | 98.34 | 60.11 | 7.53 | 2.34 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 132.12 | 77.66 | 7.32 | 10.52 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| FK2 | 103.20 | 51.14 | 8.52 | 3.17 | 0.88 | 0.62 | 215.32 | 141.27 | 5.41 | 9.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| FK3 | 99.6 | 52.8 | 8.59 | 6.4 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 145.89 | 85.9 | 6.25 | 11.3 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| PS1 | 28.64 | 17.44 | 8.50 | 6.11 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 128.15 | 31.01 | 25.48 | 72.17 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| PS2 | 19.77 | 11.50 | 4.23 | 2.89 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 24.75 | 12.43 | 9.55 | 16.24 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| PS3 | 31.01 | 24.35 | 2.89 | 3.56 | 1.04 | 0.07 | 9.07 | 6.06 | 9.98 | 10.12 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| PS4 | 27.22 | 12.84 | 6.11 | 7.55 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 12.02 | 4.75 | 21.52 | 65.80 | 0.05 | 0.15 |
| PS5 | 44.10 | 31.50 | 4.99 | 2.93 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 7.88 | 6.55 | 12.56 | 24.58 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| PS6 | 9.96 | 10.11 | 7.37 | 3.19 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 11.23 | 7.88 | 28.01 | 31.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
| PS7 | 52.44 | 42.31 | 10.47 | 7.51 | 1.03 | 0.02 | 20.05 | 12.92 | 1.38 | 9.78 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| PK1 | 39.86 | 23.44 | 2.92 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 77.77 | 23.44 | 38.09 | 74.14 | 0.03 | 0.99 |
| PK2 | 7.91 | 2.14 | 3.64 | 1.04 | 0.54 | 0.33 | 139.44 | 101.03 | 43.61 | 83.11 | 0.77 | 1.02 |
| PK3 | 78.81 | 69.56 | 3.14 | 1.19 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 134.11 | 76.15 | 29.16 | 35.09 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| PK4 | 10.22 | 8.77 | 2.06 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 111.09 | 45.22 | 32.53 | 75.12 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| PK5 | 32.73 | 21.17 | 3.71 | 1.24 | 0.71 | 0.03 | 13.65 | 8.91 | 7.90 | 28.41 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| SK1 | 53.41 | 32.11 | 8.32 | 4.22 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 49.33 | 22.45 | 2.30 | 7.45 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| SK2 | 18.76 | 6.58 | 2.34 | 0.39 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 200.03 | 64.49 | 47.84 | 68.24 | 0.01 | 0.87 |
| SK3 | 27.12 | 3.33 | 6.45 | 2.22 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 99.05 | 45.08 | 4.58 | 10.17 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| SK4 | 22.53 | 9.99 | 3.56 | 1.18 | 1.15 | 0.55 | 88.26 | 42.14 | 31.15 | 59.44 | 0.01 | 0.96 |
| WHO regulationa | 10–100 | 15 | ≤ 0.5 | 500 | 50 | 3 | ||||||
FS1–FS2 (managed/developed wells) and PS1–PS7 (unmanaged wells) from the district of Ngafani (Selembao commune). FK1–FK3 (managed/developed wells), PK1–PK5 (unmanaged wells) and SK1–SK4 (springs) from the district of Esanga (Kimbanseke commune)
aLimit recommended by World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO 2017)