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. 2021 May 11;77(2):136–142. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-216849

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Estimated population-level mean lung function (panels A, C) and lung function decline (panels B, D) in the UK and US study populations for reference covariate values (female, born in 1997, diagnosed at birth). The top row (A, B) shows results based on the model that included a linear term for age with random intercept and slope and exponential correlation function; the bottom row (C, D) shows results based on the model that included age using a spline with five knots with random intercept and exponential correlation function. FEV, forced expiratory volume in 1 s.