Table 2.
Options/technologies, end-products, mode of actions, pros and cons of available P-based innervations to increase growth to mitigate P deficiency, enhancing P use efficiency in plants under abiotic stress conditions.
| Options/technologies | End-products | Mode of actions | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbial | Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants | - Access Pi - Mitigate the impact of drought - Promote growth - Fight against diseases |
- Affordable | - Amount of Pi remain very low, - Difficult to scale up |
| Mycorrhizal fungi inoculants | - Promote Pi availability and uptake - Mitigate abiotic stresses - Increase root volumes via mycelia - Induce the synthesis of low molecules such as trehalose |
- Affordable - Amount of Pi could range 5–15 kg P ha−1 |
- Amount of Pi remain very low, - Difficult to scale up |
|
| Phosphate fertilizer | TSP, SSP granules or liquids forms | - Available Pi - Rapid access by plant roots - Plant access by root uptake - Soil application - Not always synchronized to the demands of plant at optimum request. |
- Well-mainstreamed processes - Highly scalable - Popular at the marketplace |
- Relatively low agronomy efficiency crops (20%) - Large application quantities - Fixation into soil particles - low mobility in the soil |
| Activated RP granules | - Available Pi - slow/controlled releases - soil application - Favor microbial activitiesadd |
- Amount of Pi remain very low, - Addition of other important nutrients - Easy to scale up |
- Pi less soluble - Lack of sufficient research proven evidence |
|
| Pi fertilizer formulation and application method | Liquid Pi formulation | - Foliar spray - Plant uptake by - Stomata, epidermal structures as trichomes and lenticels uptake mechanisms |
- Bypass root uptake - Increased efficiency of fertilizer use - Small quantity of Pi used - Economically affordable - Premium price |
- Amount of Pi remain very low, - Difficult to scale up - Yield often unpredictable - Much research needed to value the approach |
| Pi-nano scale particle size development | -Target delivery - Foliar spray - Plant uptake by - Stomata, epidermal structures as trichomes and lenticels uptake mechanisms |
- small quantity of Pi used High mobility High energy transfer - Premium price |
- Amount of Pi remain very low, - Difficult to scale up |
|
| Foliar + Pi-nano scale particle size | - Pi available increase - Target Pi delivery Foliar spray - Plant uptake by - Stomata, epidermal structures as trichomes and lenticels uptake mechanisms |
- small quantity of Pi used - Two complementary approach combined - Increase yield - Premium price |
- Amount of Pi remain very low, - Not popularly used - Consumer behavior concerns |