TABLE 3.
Potential exosome molecular biomarkers used in chemoresistance.
| Cancer type | Exosome biomarker | Drug-mediated resistance | Investigation model | References |
| Lung cancer | RNA-based: miR-222-3p | Gemcitabine | A549-GR and A549-P cell lines, female severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (n = 12), and human blood samples (n = 50) | Wei et al., 2017 |
| RNA-based: miR-214 | Gefitinib | PC-9 and PC-9GR cell lines and male BALB/c nu/nu mice (n = 20) | Zhang Y. et al., 2018 | |
| RNA-based: miR-100-5p | Cisplatin | A549 and A549/DDP cells lines and BABL/c athymic nude mice (n = 25) | Qin et al., 2017 | |
| RNA-based: mRNA ZEB1 | Multidrug | HBEC and HBECs with p53 knockdown, KRASV12 overexpression, and LKB1 knockdown cell lines | Lobb et al., 2017 | |
| RNA-based: lncRNA H19 | Gefitinib | HCC827 and HCC4006 cell lines | Lei et al., 2018 | |
| RNA-based: lncRNA RP11-838N2.4 | Erlotinib | HCC827, HCC827/R, HCC4006, and HCC4006/R cells line and serum samples (n = 78) | Zhang W. et al., 2018 | |
| RNA-based: miRNA-146a-5p | Gemcitabine | Serum samples (n = 100) and paraffin sections of lung cancer tissues (n = 12) | Yuwen et al., 2017 | |
| RNA-based: miRNA-425-3p | Cisplatin | A549, PC-9, SPCA1, H1299, H1650, H1703, H1975, and A549/DDP cell lines, serum samples (n = 114), and paraffin sections of lung cancer tissues (n = 203) | Yuwen et al., 2019 | |
| RNA-based: lncRNA SNHG14 | Trastuzumab | SKBR-3, BT474, SKBR-3/Tr, and BT474/Tr cell lines and serum samples (n = 72) | Dong et al., 2018 | |
| Protein-based: P-gp | ADM/Docetaxel | MCF7/WT and MCF7/ADM cell lines and plasma samples (n = 93) | Ning et al., 2017 | |
| Protein-based: HER2 | Trastuzumab | SKBR3, BT474, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines | Ciravolo et al., 2012 | |
| RNA-based: mRNA UCH-L1 | ADM | MCF7/WT and MCF7/ADM cell lines and plasma samples (n = 93) | Ning et al., 2017 | |
| Ovarian cancer | RNA-based: miR-1246 | Paclitaxel | HeyA8, SKOV3-ip1, A2780, HeyA8-MDR, SKOV3-TR, A2780-CP20, THP-1, and HIO180 cell lines and female athymic nude mice (n = 40) | Kanlikilicer et al., 2018 |
| Protein-based: P-gp | Paclitaxel | A2780, SKOV3, MCF-7, MBA-MD-231, Hel, and THP1 cell lines and female athymic nude mice (n = 30) | Zhu et al., 2019 | |
| Protein-based: Annexin A3 | Platinum | SKOV3, SKOV3/Cis, SKOV3/Car, A2780, A2780/Cis, and A2780/Car cell lines and tissue samples (n = 42) | Yan et al., 2010 | |
| Hepatocellular cancer | RNA-based: miR-32-5p | Multidrug | Bel7402, Bel/5-FU, HEK-293T, SMCC-7721, HepG2, Hep3B, and MHCC97H cell lines and tissues samples (n = 72) | Fu et al., 2018 |
| RNA-based: linc-ROR | Doxorubicin/Camptothecin | HepG2, PLC-PRF5, and HH cell lines | Takahashi et al., 2014 | |
| RNA-based: lnc-VLDLR | Multidrug | HepG2, Hep3B, PLC/PRF-5, Huh-7, and MzChA-1 cell lines | Takahashi et al., 2014 | |
| RNA-based: miR-744 | Sorafenib | LO2 cell line and tissue samples (n = 120) | Wang et al., 2019 |
ADM, adriamycin; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2.