Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the CIN and non-CIN groups.
|
Total (n = 2,009) |
CIN (n = 24) |
Non-CIN (n = 1,985) |
P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 63.3 (±9.9) | 62.9 (±11.0) | 63.3 (±9.8) | 0.82 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1,588 (79.0%) | 22 (91.7%) | 1,566 (78.9%) | 0.20 |
| Female | 421 (21.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 419 (21.1%) | |
| BMI | 25.1 (±3.0) | 25.0 (±3.0) | 25.1 (±3.0) | 0.76 |
| Missing | 45 (2.2%) | 1 (4.2%) | 44 (2.2%) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 133.7 (±19.2) | 140.2 (±19.6) | 133.6 (±19.1) | 0.17 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.6 (±10.9) | 84.9 (±13.1) | 78.6 (±10.8) | 0.018 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| Heart rate, per min | 76.2 (±11.7) | 82.5 (±19.3) | 76.1 (±11.6) | 0.063 |
| Missing | 3 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.2%) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1,082 (53.9%) | 10 (41.7%) | 1,072 (54.0%) | 0.049 |
| Former | 378 (18.8%) | 2 (8.3%) | 376 (18.9%) | |
| Current | 547 (27.2%) | 12 (50.0%) | 535 (27.0%) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.1%) | |
| CAD subtype | ||||
| Stable CAD | 1,548 (77.1%) | 11 (45.8%) | 1,537 (77.4%) | <0.001 |
| ACS | 461 (22.9%) | 13 (54.2%) | 448 (22.6%) | |
| NYHA classification | ||||
| I | 1,818 (90.5%) | 19 (79.2%) | 1,799 (90.6%) | 0.06 |
| II | 160 (8.0%) | 3 (12.5%) | 157 (7.9%) | |
| III | 29 (1.4%) | 2 (8.3%) | 27 (1.4%) | |
| IV | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.1%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 1,495 (74.4%) | 16 (66.7%) | 1,479 (74.5%) | 0.36 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 822 (40.9%) | 9 (37.5%) | 813 (41.0%) | 0.84 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| No | 1,724 (85.8%) | 21 (87.5%) | 1,703 (85.8%) | 0.93 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 148 (7.4%) | 2 (8.3%) | 146 (7.4%) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 42 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 42 (2.1%) | |
| Combined | 95 (4.7%) | 1 (4.2%) | 94 (4.7%) | |
| Previous AMI | 216 (10.8%) | 6 (25.0%) | 210 (10.6%) | 0.037 |
| Previous PCI | 676 (33.6%) | 6 (25.0%) | 670 (33.8%) | 0.51 |
| Previous CABG | 31 (1.5%) | 1 (4.2%) | 30 (1.5%) | 0.31 |
| Family history of CAD | 95 (4.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 95 (4.8%) | 0.63 |
| Prior medication use | ||||
| Anti-platelet | 1,718 (85.5%) | 19 (79.2%) | 1,699 (85.6%) | 0.37 |
| Aspirin | 1,582 (78.7%) | 18 (75.0%) | 1,564 (78.8%) | 0.62 |
| Clopidogrel | 799 (39.8%) | 10 (41.7%) | 789 (39.7%) | 0.84 |
| Missing | 4 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.2%) | |
| Statins | 1,565 (77.9%) | 18 (75.0%) | 1,547 (77.9%) | 0.63 |
| Missing | 9 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (0.5%) | |
| ACEI/ARB | 955 (47.5%) | 10 (41.7%) | 945 (47.6%) | 0.68 |
| Beta-blockers | 952 (47.4%) | 12 (50.0%) | 940 (47.4%) | 0.84 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 586 (29.2%) | 6 (25.0%) | 580 (29.2%) | 0.82 |
| Nitrates | 743 (37.0%) | 9 (37.5%) | 734 (37.0%) | 1.0 |
| Diuretics | 161 (8.0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 159 (8.0%) | 1.0 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| LVEF, % | 61.9 (±7.6) | 56.2 (±10.6) | 62.0 (±7.6) | 0.003 |
| Missing | 78 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 78 (3.9%) | |
| LVESD, mm | 31.5 (±5.4) | 35.4 (±9.7) | 31.5 (±5.3) | 0.029 |
| Missing | 78 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 78 (3.9%) | |
| LVEDD, mm | 47.9 (±5.3) | 49.2 (±7.0) | 47.9 (±5.3) | 0.75 |
| Missing | 78 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 78 (3.9%) | |
| RBC, × 1012 cells per L | 4.4 (±0.5) | 4.4 (±0.7) | 4.4 (±0.5) | 0.58 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 135.9 (±14.5) | 137.0 (±20.1) | 135.9 (±14.5) | 0.60 |
| Hematocrit, % | 40.4 (±4.0) | 40.3 (±5.4) | 40.4 (±4.0) | 0.86 |
| WBC, × 109 cells per L | 6.7 (±1.9) | 7.6 (±2.4) | 6.7 (±1.9) | 0.098 |
| Neutrophils, % | 61.2 (±9.4) | 67.9 (±13.7) | 61.1 (±9.3) | 0.002 |
| Lymphocytes, % | 27.5 (±8.3) | 21.5 (±11.1) | 27.6 (±8.2) | 0.002 |
| NLR | 2.7 (±2.3) | 5.3 (±5.7) | 2.7 (±2.2) | 0.002 |
| Eosinophils, % | 2.6 (±2.2) | 1.9 (±1.8) | 2.6 (±2.2) | 0.041 |
| RDW, % | 12.6 (±0.8) | 12.8 (±1.0) | 12.6 (±0.8) | 0.29 |
| PDW, % | 13.1 (±2.6) | 12.1 (±2.5) | 13.1 (±2.6) | 0.036 |
| Missing | 14 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (0.7%) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 42.3 (±3.8) | 41.9 (±4.4) | 42.3 (±3.8) | 0.44 |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| ALT, U/L | 27.9 (±19.7) | 32.7 (±17.8) | 27.9 (±19.7) | 0.086 |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| AST, U/L | 26.9 (±24.8) | 57.7 (±77.5) | 26.5 (±23.4) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | |
| Baseline urea, mmol/L | 5.8 (±1.6) | 5.9 (±2.0) | 5.8 (±1.6) | 0.62 |
| Baseline creatinine, μmol/L | 78.9 (±14.9) | 79.5 (±17.3) | 78.9 (±14.9) | 0.94 |
| Baseline eGFR, mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 85.2 (±13.0) | 85.8 (±14.0) | 85.2 (±13.0) | 0.68 |
| Baseline UA, μmol/L | 343.9 (±87.1) | 380.2 (±112.2) | 343.5 (±86.7) | 0.20 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 7.2 (±3.3) | 7.2 (±2.8) | 7.2 (±3.3) | 0.61 |
| Missing | 28 (1.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | 27 (1.4%) | |
| HbA1c, % | 6.5 (±1.3) | 6.2 (±0.9) | 6.5 (±1.3) | 0.49 |
| Missing | 91 (4.5%) | 3 (12.5%) | 88 (4.4%) | |
| TC, mmol/L | 3.7 (±1.1) | 4.1 (±1.0) | 3.7 (±1.1) | 0.055 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.9 (±1.4) | 1.6 (±0.7) | 1.9 (±1.4) | 0.29 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| LDL, mmol/L | 1.9 (±1.0) | 2.3 (±1.0) | 1.9 (±1.0) | 0.015 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| NHDL, mmol/L | 2.7 (±1.1) | 3.0 (±1.0) | 2.7 (±1.1) | 0.041 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.0 (±0.3) | 1.0 (±0.3) | 1.0 (±0.3) | 0.84 |
| Missing | 6 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| Apo A-I, g/L | 1.2 (±0.2) | 1.2 (±0.2) | 1.2 (±0.2) | 0.90 |
| Missing | 7 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (0.4%) | |
| Apo B, g/L | 0.7 (±0.2) | 0.8 (±0.2) | 0.7 (±0.2) | 0.025 |
| Missing | 7 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (0.4%) | |
| Apo E, mg/L | 38.8 (±16.7) | 37.4 (±11.4) | 38.8 (±16.7) | 0.99 |
| Missing | 7 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (0.4%) | |
| Lipoprotein, nmol/L | 105.5 (±192.4) | 116.4 (±257.8) | 105.3 (±191.6) | 0.47 |
| Missing | 7 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (0.4%) | |
| CK-MB, U/L | 18.5 (±28.0) | 67.5 (±113.1) | 17.9 (±24.7) | 0.025 |
| Missing | 10 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (0.5%) | |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 4.4 (±10.5) | 6.9 (±9.9) | 4.4 (±10.5) | 0.026 |
| Missing | 19 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 19 (1.0%) | |
| cTnT, ng/mL | 0.1 (±0.7) | 0.9 (±2.1) | 0.1 (±0.6) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 369.8 (±743.1) | 1,372.1 (±1,690.6) | 357.7 (±716.5) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 4 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (0.2%) | |
| Procedural characteristics | ||||
| Contrast agent | ||||
| low-osmolarity | 1,401 (69.7%) | 20 (83.3%) | 1,381 (69.6%) | 0.18 |
| iso-osmolarity | 608 (30.3%) | 4 (16.7%) | 604 (30.4%) | |
| Contrast volume, mL | 150.1 (±74.5) | 167.1 (±84.0) | 149.9 (±74.3) | 0.42 |
| Missing | 24 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 24 (1.2%) | |
| Infarct-related artery, N (%) | ||||
| LM | 214 (10.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | 212 (10.7%) | 1.0 |
| LAD | 1,670 (83.1%) | 19 (79.2%) | 1,651 (83.2%) | 0.58 |
| LCX | 1,224 (60.9%) | 14 (58.3%) | 1,210 (61.0%) | 0.83 |
| RCA | 1,262 (62.8%) | 15 (62.5%) | 1,247 (62.8%) | 1.0 |
| No. of diseased vessel, N (%) | ||||
| 1-vessel | 565 (28.1%) | 8 (33.3%) | 557 (28.1%) | 0.93 |
| 2-vessel | 603 (30.0%) | 6 (25.0%) | 597 (30.1%) | |
| 3-vessel | 712 (35.4%) | 9 (37.5%) | 703 (35.4%) | |
| 4-vessel | 129 (6.4%) | 1 (4.2%) | 128 (6.4%) | |
| No. of stents used | 1.4 (±1.0) | 1.4 (±1.1) | 1.4 (±1.0) | 0.68 |
| Total stent length, mm | 40.7 (±30.5) | 37.4 (±33.8) | 40.8 (±30.5) | 0.37 |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.1%) |
Continuous variables are shown as Mean (SD), and categorical variables are shown as frequency (percentage).
Boldface represents P < 0.05.
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; NYHA, New York Heart Association; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; LVEF, center ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, center ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEDD, center ventricular end-diastolic dimension; RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; RDW, red cell distribution width; PDW, platelet distribution width; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the CKD-EPI equation; UA, uric acid; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo A-I, apolipoprotein A1; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; Apo E, apolipoprotein E; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; LM, center main coronary artery; LAD, center anterior descending; LCX, center circumflex artery; RCA, right coronary artery.