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. 2021 Oct 28;9:749515. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.749515

Table 1.

Reported feelings of isolation of older adult respondents in the year 2020, organized by demographic characteristics.

Hardly ever Some of the time Often Chi-square p-value
Age group 65–74 (n = 631) 34% 51% 15% n.s
75+ (n = 296) 37% 47% 17%
Gender Male (n = 449) 38% 48% 15% n.s
Female (n = 478) 32% 52% 16%
Location Rural (n = 144) 73% 21% 6% n.s
Urban (n = 783) 69% 27% 4%
Housing Live alone (n = 332) 34% 49% 18% n.s
Live with others (n = 572) 36% 51% 13%
Relationship status Not in partnership (n = 367) 36% 46% 17% n.s
In partnership (n = 560) 34% 52% 14%
Income Low (n = 229) 36% 46%a 18%c 0.021
Middle (n = 422) 34% 50%a, b 16%c
High (n = 137) 34% 59%b 7%d
Education High school or less (n = 239) 36% 47% 16% n.s
Some post-secondary (n = 313) 33% 49% 18%
University graduate (n = 375) 36% 52% 13%
BIPOC No (n = 872) 35% 50% 15% n.s
Yes (n = 41) 32% 51% 17%
Disability No (n = 779) 35% 50% 14%a n.s
Yes (n = 142) 31% 47% 22%b
Technology confidence Confident (n = 669) 36% 50% 14%a 0.039
Not confident (n = 172) 34% 44% 22%b
Tech-savviness Tech-savvy (n = 500) 37%a 49% 14%a 0.021
Not Tech-savvy (n = 327) 30%b 50% 20%b

P-values for overall chi-squared relationship testing is reported (n.s, not significant). Each subscript letter indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) in z-proportions testing with the demographic grouping (i.e., non-matching subscripts indicates significant proportional differences). Not all demographic groupings total 927 due to non-responses or preference to not answer.