Table 19.

First Aid Topics Reviewed by EvUps

Topic/PICO	Year(s) last updated	Existing treatment recommendation	RCTs since last review, n	Observational studies since last review, n	Sufficient data to warrant SysRev?
Pressure immobilization bandaging for venomous snakebites (FA 1001)	2010CoSTR	Properly performed pressure immobilization of extremities should be considered in first aid after snake envenomation.	2	6	No
Second dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis (FA 500)	2015CoSTR2020EvUp	We suggest that a second dose of epinephrine be administered by autoinjector to adults and children with severe anaphylaxis whose symptoms are not relieved by an initial dose (weak recommendation, very low–quality evidence).	0	0	No
Dietary sugars for treatment of hypoglycemia (FA 795)	2015CoSTR;2020EvUp	We recommend that first aid providers administer glucose tablets for the treatment of symptomatic hypoglycemia in conscious adults and children (strong recommendation, low–quality evidence). We suggest that if glucose tablets are not available, various forms of dietary sugars such as Skittles, Mentos, sugar cubes, jellybeans, or orange juice can be used to treat symptomatic hypoglycemia in conscious adults and children (weak recommendation, very low–quality evidence). There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the use of whole milk, cornstarch hydrolysate, and glucose solution or glucose gels compared with glucose tablets for the treatment of symptomatic hypoglycemia.	0	0	No

EvUp indicates evidence update; FA, first aid; PICO, population, intervention, comparator, outcome; RCT, randomized controlled trial; and SysRev, systematic review.

CoSTR documents are available at https://costr.ilcor.org/.