Table 2.
Target interventions of published COVID-19 RCTs for each region
| African Region | ||
|---|---|---|
| ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine | ||
| Region of Americas | ||
|
HCQ (*6) convalescent plasma (*5) bamlanivimab (*3) ACE-Inh or ARB (*3) remdesivir (*3) tocilizumab (*3) HCQ|¥HCQ + azithromycin (*2) azithromycin canakinumab dexamethasone methylprednisolone fluvoxamine NAC pentoxifylline proxalutamide |
ivermectin stem cell therapy enoxaparin rivaroxaban sulodexide ravulizumab vitamin D3 HCQ|ivermectin vitamin C + zinc HCQ|LPV/r|HCQ + LPV/r HCQ|azithromycin dutasteride|azithromycin|nitazoxanide Herbal agents: brazilian green propolis |
|
| South East Asia Region | ||
|
convalescent plasma (*2) CQ remdesivir favipiravir ivermectin tocilizumab itolizumab vitamin D3 stem cell therapy |
azithromycin|LPV/r|LPV/r + azithromycin|LPV/r + doxycycline Herbal agents: ayurvedic agents siddha drugs chyawanprash curcumine + piperine |
|
| European Region | ||
|
HCQ (*4) tocilizumab (*3) remdesivir (*2) favipiravir (*2) hydrocortisone (*2) convalescent plasma (*2) ivermectin (*2) azithromycin chlorpromazine budesonide immunoglobulin camostat mesilate auxora dexamethasone LPV/r ramipril umifenovir anakinra |
colchicine vitamin D3 SNG001 valsartan NAC vilobelimab HCQ + azithromycin tenofovir + emtricitabine azithromycin|lincomycin darunavir-ritonavir|LPV/r colchicine|ruxolitinib|secukinumab methylprednisolone + tacrolimus remdesvir|LPV/r|IFN|HCQ|AZD7442 BCG vaccines BNT162b2 vaccine (*2) ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (*3) Herbal agents: quercetin (*2) |
|
| Eastern Mediterranean Region | ||
|
sofosbuvir + daclatasvir (*4) ivermectin (*4) convalescent plasma (*3) favipiravir (*2) HCQ (*2) IFN (*2) umifenovir (*2) immunoglobulin (*2) methylprednisolone azithromycin bromhexine febuxostat dexamethasone diphenhydramine multivitamin mometasone NAC L-cysteine levamisole |
omega-3 vitamin C vitamin D3 melatonin sofosbuvir + ledipasvir sofosbuvir + daclatasvir + ribavirin vitamin C + NAC HCQ + LPV/r| IFN β-1A|IFN β-1B IFN β-1A + LPV/r sofosbuvir + daclatasvir + ribavirin vitamin C + NAC losartan|amilodipine methylprednisolone|dexamethasone methylprednisolone|methylprednisolone + tocilizumab enoxaparin|heparin|atorvastatin Herbal agents: zinger + echinacea hyoscyamus niger |
|
| Western Pacific Region | ||
|
COVID-19 vaccine (*5) HCQ or CQ (*3) IFN (*3) convalescent plasma (*3) LPV/r (*2) rhG-CSF (*2) favipiravir (*2) azvudine bromhexine leflunomide remdesivir ruxolitinib triazavirin stem cell therapy telmisartan zinc LPV/r|CQ (*2) IFN + TFF2 |
darunavir|cobicistat ribavirin + LPV/r + IFN ribavirin + IFN + LPV/r baloxavir marboxil|favipiravir favipiravir|tocilizumab|favipiravir + tocilizumab Herbal agents: xuebijing (*2) shenhuang granule (*2) xuanfei baidu keguan-1 lianhuaqingwen coconut oil huoxiangzhengqi + lianhuaqingwen|lianhuaqingwen shuanghuanglian oil xiyanping honeysuckle + gardenia + abrotani traditional chinese herbal formula |
|
| Collaboration between regions | ||
|
remdesivir (*3) HCQ or CQ (*2) remdesivir|LPV/r + IFN|IFN|HCQ|LPV/r |
bromhexine convalescent plasma hydrocortisone |
|
(*N): Number of repeated items
¥: different arms of RCTs are separated by "|"
Abbreviations: HCQ hydroxychloroquine, ACE-Inh angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, NAC N-acetyl cysteine, LPV/r lopinavir-ritonavir, BCG bacille Calmette-Guerin, CQ chloroquine, IFN interferon, rhG-CSF the recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, TFF2 trefoil peptide