TABLE 1.

Summary of the different available protocols along with their advantages and disadvantages depending on their features and typical components.

Model type	Typical components	Niches reconstituted	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
Static OC	Transwells, coated membranes	Blood–brain barrier (BBB) lung niche cancer	Low complexity Low-cost available protocols	Lacks flow rates	Neuhaus et al. (1991), Gaillard et al. (2001), Ma et al. (2005), Li et al. (2006), Nakagawa S et al. (2009), Hatherell K et al. (2011), Hassell et al. (2017), Stone et al. (2019), Mulay et al. (2020)
Dynamic OC	Microfluidics, membranes, 3D cultures	BBB SVZ Lung niche Cancer	More relevant to physiology	High-cost specialized equipment	Shin et al. (2014), Herland et al. (2016), Wang et al. (2017), Mofazzal Jahromi et al. (2019), Oddo et al. (2019), Bluhmki et al. (2020)
Biofabricated-3D Bioprinted Static OC	3D cultures with hydrogels	BBB SVZ Bone	Better 3D microenvironment and precise deposition	High-complexity specialized equipment	Hsieh et al. (2015), Farrukh et al. (2017), Pedde et al. (2017), Mestre et al. (2018), Bernal et al. (2019), Han et al. (2019), Skylar-Scott et al. (2019), Aronsson et al. (2020), Balion et al. (2020), Cuartero et al. (2021), Dalton et al. (2020), Daly et al. (2021), Ioannidis et al. (2020), Li et al. (2020), Mao et al. (2020), Nilsson Hall et al. (2020), Uman et al. (2020), Xu et al. (2021)