Table 1 .
Baseline characteristics
| Intervention (n = 153) | Control (n = 153) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | Measurement | ||||
| Age | 82.5 | (6.1) | 82.3 | (6.5) | |
| 70–79 years | 40 | 26.1% | 51 | 33.3% | |
| ≥ 80 years | 113 | 73.9% | 102 | 66.7% | |
| Sex | Male | 70 | 45.8% | 86 | 56.2% |
| Country of origin | Netherlands | 135 | 88.2% | 138 | 90.2% |
| Level of educationa | Primary education | 66 | 43.1% | 61 | 39.9% |
| Secondary education | 52 | 34.0% | 44 | 28.8% | |
| Higher education | 35 | 22.9% | 47 | 30.7% | |
| Cohabitating | 66 | 43.1% | 68 | 44.4% | |
| Socioeconomic statusb | Low (< 1 SD) | 25 | 16.3% | 27 | 17.6% |
| Intermediate | 83 | 54.2% | 81 | 52.9% | |
| High (> 1 SD) | 45 | 29.4% | 45 | 29.4% | |
| Index hospitalisation | |||||
| Acute hospitalisation | 139 | 90.8% | 141 | 92.2% | |
| Length of stay | Days | 7 | [4–10] | 7 | [4.5–10] |
| Diagnosis on admission | Heart failure | 86 | 56.2% | 91 | 59.5% |
| Rhythm or conduction disorder | 27 | 17.6% | 20 | 13.1% | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 19 | 12.4% | 24 | 15.7% | |
| Valve deficits | 14 | 9.2% | 12 | 7.8% | |
| Other | 7 | 4.6% | 6 | 3.9% | |
| Treatment during admission | Medical treatment only | 115 | 75.2% | 116 | 75.8% |
| PCI | 13 | 8.5% | 15 | 9.8% | |
| TAVR | 15 | 9.8% | 11 | 7.2% | |
| Device implantation | 12 | 7.8% | 10 | 6.5% | |
| Other | 1 | 0.7% | 4 | 2.6% | |
| Inclusion criteria | Measurement | ||||
| Previous hospital admission | ≤ 6 months prior to index event | 66 | 43.1% | 73 | 47.7% |
| Delirium | DSMS delirium risk score | 94 | 61.4% | 77 | 50.3% |
| Activities of daily living | DSMS impairment in ADL (KATZ-6) | 65 | 42.5% | 54 | 35.3% |
| Activities of daily living | Median (KATZ-6) | 1 | [0–3] | 0 | [0–2] |
| ADL-functioning | ALDS-score (0–100) | 72 | [58–84] | 76 | [63–86] |
| Malnutrition | DSMS malnutrition (SNAQ) | 57 | 37.3% | 43 | 28.1% |
| Fall risk | DSMS fall ≤6 months | 67 | 43.8% | 78 | 51.0% |
| Fear of falling | NRS ≥ 4 | 63 | 41.2% | 66 | 43.1% |
| DSMS scorec | DSMS 0 | 13 | 8.5% | 13 | 8.5% |
| DSMS 1 | 49 | 32.0% | 59 | 38.6% | |
| DSMS 2 | 50 | 32.7% | 57 | 37.3% | |
| DSMS 3 | 33 | 21.6% | 19 | 12.4% | |
| DSMS 4 | 8 | 5.2% | 5 | 3.3% | |
| Medical history | |||||
| Heart failure | 105 | 68.6% | 110 | 71.9% | |
| Hypertension | 95 | 62.1% | 94 | 61.4% | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 57 | 37.3% | 53 | 34.6% | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 54 | 35.3% | 59 | 38.6% | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 52 | 34.0% | 47 | 30.7% | |
| Renal failure | 51 | 33.3% | 59 | 38.6% | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 29 | 19.0% | 24 | 15.7% | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 29 | 19.0% | 21 | 13.7% | |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 23 | 15.0% | 27 | 17.6% | |
| Lifestyle factors | Measurement | ||||
| Current smoker | Self-reported | 16 | 10.5% | 14 | 9.2% |
| Body mass index | Kg/m2 | 26.8 | (5.9) | 25.8 | (4.6) |
| Geriatric conditions | Measurement | ||||
| Cognitive impairment | MMSE 15–23 | 47 | 30.7% | 48 | 31.4% |
| Comorbidities | Charlson Comorbidity Score | 3 | [1–4] | 3 | [1–4] |
| Depressive symptoms | GDS ≥ 6 | 22 | 14.6% | 18 | 11.8% |
| Anxiety | HADS-A ≥ 8 | 18 | 11.9% | 24 | 15.7% |
| Dyspnoea | Self-reported | 125 | 81.7% | 123 | 80.4% |
| Fatigue | NRS ≥ 4 | 114 | 74.5% | 114 | 74.5% |
| Dizziness | Self-reported | 65 | 42.5% | 76 | 49.7% |
| Urine incontinence | Self-reported | 42 | 27.5% | 41 | 26.8% |
| Polypharmacy | ≥ 5 (from medication overview) | 141 | 92.2% | 144 | 94.1% |
| Medication side effects | Self-reported | 34 | 22.2% | 35 | 22.9% |
| Functional status | SPPB | 4 | [2–6] | 5 | [3–7] |
| Handgrip strengthd | Male (norm >30 kg) | 26.4 | 9.2 | 27.0 | (7.8) |
| Female (norm >18 kg) | 16.1 | (5.8) | 15.3 | (4.7) | |
Note: (SD), [25–75 percentile].
Abbreviations: ALDS, Amsterdam Linear Disability Scale; CABG, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting; DSMS, Dutch Safety and Management System; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NRS, numeric rating scale; PCI, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; SNAQ, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TAVR, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.
aPrimary education: elementary or primary school. Secondary education: pre-vocational, senior general or pre-university. Higher education: higher professional or university.
bSocioeconomic status score was calculated from the postal code of patients’ residence by the Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP) and based on income, employment and educational level.
cDutch Safety Management System [20]: the score between 0 and 4 points, based on four domains of frailty (malnutrition, risk of impairments in daily functioning, risk on delirium and fall risk). A higher score on the DSMS indicates a higher risk of functional loss.
dDominant hand highest value.