Table 1.
Overview of magnetic agents proposed for US theranostic applications.
| Type of theranostic magnetic agents | Materials | The way of agent loading | Size of agents | US theranostic application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| droplets | Chitosan- deoxycholic acid nanoparticles (shell), perfluoropentane droplets and iron oxide particles (core) |
siRNA electrostatically bounded to particles; MPs inside the droplet | 257.6±10.9 nm | US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic localization | 25 |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, doxorubicin (drug), antibody molecules, perfluoropentane (gas), phospholipid layer | lipid shell-coated droplet with antibodies with encapsulated magnetic particles and doxorubicin | 1.49±0.24 µm | MR-guided US-induced delivery | 62 | |
| spheres | polystyrene template, silica hollow nanoparticles modified with Gd-DTP acid and c(RGD) peptide | peptides attached to the sphere surface | 100-400 nm | US and MR-imaged magnetic targeting | 26 |
| polyglutamic acid (PGA)-stabilized iron oxide porous nanoparticles, polymethacrylic acid (PMMA), yolk-shell doxorubicin (drug), perfluorohexane (gas) | magnetic particles coated with PGA covered by PMMA layer and the shell of yolk with doxorubicin and perfluorohexane loaded inside | ~840 nm | US and MR-imaged US-induced delivery | 53 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, perfluorohexane (gas) | perfluorohexane encapsulated inside porous magnetic spheres | 845±65.8 nm | US and MR-imaged magnetically-induced delivery | 61 | |
| bubbles | octafluoropropane (gas) phospholipids with protamine conjugated with PEG (coating), iron oxide nanoparticles, heparin (shell) |
heparin-functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles attached to the surface of microbubble's lipid shell | 3.1±1.4 μm | US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 29 |
| perfluoropropane (gas core), nucleic acid, iron oxide nanoparticles, metafectene/DOPE soybean oil (lipid shell) |
magnetic nanoparticles loaded in the bubble shell with plasmid DNA and siRNA | 3±2.3 μm | US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 31 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, poly(DL -lactide) (PLA), nitrogen (gas) | magnetic particles attached to polymer shell | 3-5 µm | MR-imaged US-induced delivery | 63 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, PLGA-PEG-folate polymer, doxorubicin (drug) | magnetic particles and doxorubicin encapsulated into polymer shell | 208.4±12.58 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced delivery | 64 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, perfluoropentane (gas), Pluronic F127 (drug), polyacrylic acid polymers | perfluoropentane encapsulated in a polymer shell stabilized with magnetic particles | 180-230 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 65 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, poly( n-butyl-cyanoacrylate), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (drug model), air | magnetic particles embedded in the shell | 1-5 µm | MR-imaged US-induced blood-brain barrier permeation & Magnetic targeting | 54 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, perfluoropentane (gas), fingolimod (drug) | magnetic particles and drug molecules and gas as a core coated with RGD-modified liposomal shell | 160-200 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 56 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, doxorubicin, perfluoropropane (gas), lipid shell | doxorubicin-conjugated magnetic particles embedded in lipid shell around gas core | 3.1±0.2 µm | MR-imaged US-induced blood-brain barrier permeation & Magnetic targeting | 47 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, perfluoropentane (gas), dextran | magnetic particles-covered dextran layer around gas core | 349.2±18.2 nm | MR and US-imaged magnetic targeting | 48 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, oleic acid, perfluoropentane (gas), silane-based layer | oleic acid-coated magnetic particles embedded in the silane-based shell | 200-2000 nm | MR-imaged US-induced blood-brain barrier permeation & Magnetic targeting | 49 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, herceptin (anticancer drug), paclitaxel (anticancer drug), octafluoropropane (gas), PLGA polymer | herceptin-decorated magnetic nanoparticles with paclitaxel embedded PLGA later of bubbles with gas core | 277.9-309.9 nm | MR, US and PA-imaged US-induced delivery | 44 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer, doxorubicin, perfluorocarbon (gas) | magnetic particles and doxorubicin co-encapsulated into PLGA layer around gas core | 868 nm±68.73 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced delivery | 45 | |
| capsules | tannic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone layer, iron oxide nanoparticles modified with tannic acid, doxorubicin (drug) |
iron oxide nanoparticles embedded into the layer; doxorubicin loaded to the capsules | ~3 µm | MR-imaged US-induced delivery | 40 |
| polystyrene-PAA polymer, PEG (coating), perfluorooctyl-bromide nanoparticles particles, iron oxide nanoparticles |
PEGylated magnetite/perfluorooctyl-bromide-loaded encapsulated perfluorocarbon and magnetic particles inside the layer of PS-PAA and PEG coating |
~175 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced thermal ablation | 82 | |
| nanoparticles | iron oxide nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, CTAB | iron oxide core, mesoporous silica shell, dibenzo-crown ethers coupled onto shell, doxorubicin loaded into pores of particles | ~200 nm | MR-imaged US-induced delivery | 41 |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, polyaniline-co-sodium, carmustine (anticancer drug) | carmustine immobilized on the surface of magnetic particles coated with polyaniline-co-sodium | 10-20 nm | MR-imaged US-induced blood-brain barrier permeation & Magnetic targeting | 46 | |
| PEG (coating), iron oxide nanoparticles, antibodies | PEGylated magnetic particles decorated with antibodies | ~45.7 nm | MR-imaged US-induced thermal ablation | 83 | |
| mesoporous silica, Rose Bengal (sonosensitizers), PEG (coating), iron oxide nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanosheet | porous silica nanoparticles grown on graphene nanosheet and capped with Rose Bengal-PEG conjugated magnetic particles | ~60 nm | MR-imaged US-induced thermal ablation | 84 | |
| titanium oxide nanoparticles, gadolinium doxorubicin, folic acid | drug molecules linked with titanium oxide -gadolinium particles covered with folic acid | ~100 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 110 | |
| mesoporous silica nanoparticles, protoporphyrin (sonosensitizer), manganese | protoporphyrin with chelated manganese ions loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles | ~50 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 115 | |
| PEG-grafted phosphorylated serine, bismuth ferrite nanoparticles | bismuth ferrite particles modified by PEG-grafted phosphorylated serine | ~48.7 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 116 | |
| manganese oxide nanocrystals, protoporphyrin (sonosensitizer), holo-transferrin | manganese oxide crystals grown into holo-transferrin and protoporphyrin as sonosensitizer introduced into the holo-transferrin | ~30 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 118 | |
| hollow iron oxide nanoparticles, hematoporphyrin (sonosensitizer), polydopamine | polydopamine and PEG coated the surface of magnetic particles loaded with hematoporphyrin | 526.24 ± 48.89 nm | PA-imaged MH and SDT | 122 | |
| zinc, iron oxide nanoparticles | zinc-substituted magnetite particles without coating | 12.4 ±2 nm | MMUS-imaged MH | 146 | |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, oleic acid | magnetic particles coated with oleic acid | 6.1 ± 1.5 nm | US-imaged MH | 155 | |
| liposomes | iron oxide nanoparticles, phospholipides , combretastatin A-4 Phosphate (vascular disrupting agent) | drug encapsulated in the aqueous part of the liposome with magnetic particles | 209 ± 56 nm | MR-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 43 |
| iron oxide nanoparticles, anethole dithiolethione, hydrogen sulfide (gas) | anethole dithiolethione and hydrogen sulfide doped in the lipid layer, magnetic particles encapsulated inside | 211.1 ± 4.64 nm | MR and US-imaged US-induced thermal ablation | 60 | |
| sinoporphyrin sodium (sonosensitizer), manganese, lipids | paramagnetic manganese anchored into sinoporphyrin sodium molecules and encalsupaled into lipid shell | 85.15 ± 2.14 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 114 | |
| nanomotors | bacterial strains of E. coli and S. aureus, gold and nickel metallic nanowires | bacteria captured by bioreceptors covering the nanomotor gold surface drug conjugated to the segment by electrostatic forces and released by pH change |
0.25 μm (diameter), 1.8 μm (length) | MR-imaged US-induced targeting | 32 |
| hairbots | hair shafts, iron oxide nanoparticles, doxorubicin (drug) | hairbots coated with PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles; doxorubicin loaded into hairbots through precipitation and hydrophobic interactions | 10 μm (thickness), 60-80 μm (lateral dimensions) | US-imaged US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 33 |
| microrobots | NdFeB magnetic microparticles, doxorubicin (drug) | dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles as an ink injected into chamber; doxorubicin attached to robot's surface | several mm | US-induced delivery & Magnetic targeting | 34 |
| nanodots | iron, titanium dioxide, PEG (coating) | iron-doped titanium oxide modified with PEG | 2.49-2.73 nm | MR-imaged SDT | 111 |