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. 2021 Oct 28;12:770066. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770066

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Copyright © 2021 Hulme, Noye, Short and Labzin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential mechanisms of induction of trained immunity in obesity. A leaky gut following a high dietary fat intake results in increased circulating levels of LPS (229) which may induce trained immunity (238, 239). High glucose conditions may boost immune training in monocytes and enhance the proliferation of HSPCs in the bone marrow (235). Reduced adiponectin in obesity may promote polarisation towards M1 macrophages and defective HSPC proliferation (240, 241), whilst increased leptin may promote proliferation and activation of circulating monocytes and BM myelopoiesis (242, 243). This may result in enhanced monocyte populations, and enhanced pro-inflammatory responses of these monocytes to viral infection. Figure created with BioRender.com.