TABLE 2.

Clinical Studies targeting NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with HF.

Intervention	Study type	Population	Sample size	Main outcome	References
Allopurinol	Retrospective cohort study	Chronic HF	1760	Increase in mortality (low dose)	Struthers et al., 2002
Allopurinol	Cohort study	HF	6204	Improved survival	Gotsman et al., 2012
Anakinra	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study	Acute decompensated HF	30	Well tolerated; reduction in CRP	Van Tassell et al., 2016
Anakinra	Registered clinical trial (NCT01936909)	HFrEF	60	Increase in peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory efficiency at 12 weeks; no effect at 2 weeks	Van Tassell et al., 2017
Anakinra	Registered clinical trial (NCT01950299)	ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction	99	Decrease in incidence of death or new-onset HF; decrease in death and hospitalization for HF	Abbate et al., 2020b
Anakinra	Registered clinical trial (NCT02173548)	HFpEF	31	Decrease in CRP and NT-proBNP; no effect on peak oxygen consumption or ventilatory efficiency at 12 weeks	Van Tassell et al., 2018
Canakinumab	Registered clinical trial (NCT01327846)	Patients with prior myocardial infarction and high-sensitivity CRP ≥ 2 mg/L	10061	Dose-dependent reduction in hospitalization for HF; reduction in composite outcomes of hospitalization for HF or HF-related mortality	Everett et al., 2019
Colchicine	Prospective randomized study	Stable chronic HF	267	Decrease in CRP and IL-6; no effect on primary endpoint rate	Deftereos et al., 2014
Dapansutrile	Phase 1B	Stable HFrEF	30	No serious adverse events; improvements in left ventricular EF	Wohlford et al., 2020
Exercise intervention	Pilot study	HF	54	Increase in ASC methylation; decrease in plasma IL-1β;	Butts et al., 2018

ASC, apoptosis Speck-like protein containing a CARD; CRP, C-reactive protein; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IL-1β/6, interleukin 1β/6; proBNP, brain natriuretic peptide.