Table 2.

Nutritional recommendations for targeted prevention of HHcy and associated systemic effects

HHcy associated with disease/complications	Supplement/diet	Recommend dose	Ref
Risk of diabetes and ischemic heart disease	Whole-grains	Median intake: 22.3 g/day	[204]
Risk of vascular disease and associated deaths	Folic acid + vitamins B12	Folic acid: 0.5–5 mg/day, vitamin B12: 0.5 mg/day	[205]
Risk of CVDs	Fiber-rich diet (a low-calorie, high-fiber, fruit-based nutrient-dense bar rich in vitamins, minerals, fruit polyphenolics, β-glucan, docosahexaenoic acid)	Bar intake (107 kcal/≈25 g bar): twice-daily	[206]
Elderly people, vegatarians, and vegans	Folic acid	400 μg/day	[209]
Pregnancy	Folic acid	5 mg/day	[210]
Preeclampsia	Folic acid	High-dose folic acid (4 mg/day) from 3 months before pregnancy until the entire pregnancy	[211]
CVDs and cardiovascular mortality	Genistein	-	[213]
Endothelial dysfunction and associated CVDs	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	-	[214]
Endothelial dysfunction and associated CVDs	Curcumin	-	[215]
CVD risk	Coffee intake containing polyphenols	1–3 cups/day	[216]
Oxidative stress	Quercetin	50 mg/kg body weight daily	[108]
Oxidative stress	Melatonin and vitamin E	Melatonin: 1 mg/kg/day, Vitamin E: 125 mg/kg/day	[217]
Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and neurotoxicity	Hesperidin	100 mg/kg	[218]
AD	Intake of polyphenols	200 mL/person/day of antioxidant drink (with polyphenolic antioxidants)	[219]
CVDs	Quercetin	-	[220]
Colorectal cancer and colorectal adenoma	High folate status	-	[221]
Colorectal and esophageal cancer	Higher folate intake	Mean: 184.1–225.7 μg/day	[222]
Glaucoma	Vitamin B12 and folic acid	-	[179]
PD	Folic acid	5 mg/day	[226]
PD	Vitamin B6	Mean: 1.63 mg/day	[228]
Met adenosyltransferase I or III, SAH hydrolase, and adenosine kinase deficiency patients	Low-Met diet if plasma Met concentrations exceed 800 μmol/L	-	[230]
CBS deficiency patients	Low-Met diet and betaine	Betaine: 50 mg/kg/day twice (children), 3 g/day twice (adults)	[231]