Table 1.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in T. cruzi and other parasites.
| Pathogen | Reference | EV | Origin | Study model | Metodology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T. cruzi | Bautista-López et al., 2017 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Tulahuen strain) / Vero cells | in vitro | UC, proteomic, WB, SEM |
| Bayer-Santos et al., 2013 | M / E | Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes (Dm28c clone) | in vitro | UC, proteomic, NTA,Sucrose-density gradient, TEM | |
| Cestari et al., 2012 | M | THP-1 and mouse blood (BALB/c mice) |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, FC, TEM | |
| Choudhuri and Garg, 2020 | M | Trypomastigotes (SylvioX10/4, ATCC 50823) / C2C12, Raw 264.7, blood samples (WT and Parp1-/-) | in vitro and in vivo | UC, NTA, ZetaView, PCR, CL-ELISA, WB | |
| Cronemberger-Andrade et al., 2020 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Y strain) / THP-1 |
in vitro | UC, SEC, proteomic, SEM, NTA | |
| De Pablos et al., 2016 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (CL- Brener, PAN4 strains) | in vivo | UC, TEM | |
| Garcia-Silva et al., 2014 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Dm 28c clone) | in vitro | UC, TEM, Bradford | |
| Lovo-Martins et al., 2018 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Y strain) |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, NTA | |
| Lozano et al., 2017 | M / E | Amastigote, epimastigotes, trypomastigotes (PAN4 strain) / Vero cells | in vivo | UC, SEM, TEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, Micro-BCA, WB | |
| Madeira et al., 2021 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Y strain) and Plasma of chronic Chagas disease patients |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, CL-ELISA, NTA, SEM | |
| Moreira et al., 2019 | E | Trypomastigotes (PAN4 strain) | in vitro | UC, TEM, NTA, DLS, WB, Micro-BCA | |
| Neves et al., 2014 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Y strain and CL-Brener clone) |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, SEM, TEM, Bradford | |
| Nogueira et al., 2015 | M | Trypomastigotes (Colombiana, YuYu, Y and CL-14 strain) |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, SEC, SEM, NTA, CL-ELISA, Micro BCA | |
| Ramirez et al., 2017 | M | Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes (Sylvio X10/6, Y, CL strains ) / THP‐1 |
in vitro and in vivo |
UC, FC, proteomic, Bradford | |
| Ribeiro et al., 2018 | M / E | Trypomastigotes (Y and YuYu strains) | in vitro | UC, SEC, SEM, NTA, CL-ELISA, WB, proteomic | |
| Others | |||||
| Toxoplasma gondii | Beauvillain et al., 2007 | E | Dendritic cell (SRDC) | in vivo | UC, SEM, Micro-BCA |
| Leishmania amazonensis | Cronemberger-Andrade et al., 2014 | M / E | Macrophages (Bone marrow cells - BALB/c mice ) | in vitro | UC, FC, TEM, Micro-BCA |
| Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis | Giri and Schorey, 2008 | E | M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG-infected macrophages (J774 cell line) | in vitro and in vivo | UC, Sucrose-density gradient, FC, Micro-BCA, WB, TEM |
| Leishmania infantum, L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis | Nogueira et al., 2020 | M / E | L. infantum (MCAN/BR/89/BA262 strain), L. braziliensis (MHOM/BR/01/BA788 strain), and L. amazonensis (MHOM/BR/87/BA125 strain) promastigotes | in vitro and in vivo | UC, NTA, SEM, Micro-BCA |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | Oliveira et al., 2010 | M / E | C. neoformans (HEC3393, B3501, Cap 67 strains) | in vitro | UC, confocal laser scanning microscopy, quantitative fluorimetric Amplex Red sterol assay kit |
| Leishmania donovani and L. major | Silverman et al., 2010 | E |
L. donovani (Sudan S2, 1SR, 1SR HSP1002/2, Bob, BobLPG22/2 strains) and L. major (Fredlin strain) amastigotes |
in vitro and in vivo | UC, mass spectrometry, Sucrose-density gradient, WB |
| Candida albicans | Vargas et al., 2015 | M / E | C. albicans (11, ATCC 90028, ATCC SC5314 strains) | in vitro | UC, TEM, DLS, SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, proteomic, quantitative fluorimetric kit |
M, Microvesicles; E, Exosomes; UC, Ultracentrifugation; WB, Western Blot; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy; TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy; FC, Flow Cytometry; DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering; NTA, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis; SEC, Size-exclusion Chromatography; CL-ELISA, Chemiluminescent Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay; Micro-BCA, bicinchoninic acid assay; Micro-BCA, protein assay kit; PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction; CLSM, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.