Table 1. Sample Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Participants, weighted column % (95% CI) | P valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Maternal-clinician ethnic concordance | |||
| Not concordant | Concordant | |||
| No. | 2515 | 1512 | 1003 | NA |
| Weighted % | 100 | 60.14 (52.11-67.67) | 39.86 (32.33-47.89) | NA |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Maternal language | ||||
| English/English and Spanish | 24.16 (20.06-28.80) | 30.84 (25.08-37.27) | 14.09 (9.58-20.25) | <.001 |
| Spanish/other | 75.84 (71.20-79.94) | 69.16 (62.73-74.92) | 85.91 (79.75-90.42) | |
| Clinician sex | ||||
| Female | 40.82 (37.13-44.62) | 45.61 (40.80-50.49) | 33.63 (28.53-39.15) | .002 |
| Male | 59.18 (55.38-62.87) | 54.39 (49.51-59.20) | 66.37 (60.85-71.47) | |
| Maternal marital status | ||||
| Married | 65.33 (60.69-69.69) | 66.38 (60.90-71.45) | 63.77 (56.40-70.54) | .16 |
| Divorced/separated | 13.33 (11.19-15.81) | 11.08 (8.49-14.35) | 16.67 (13.17-20.89) | |
| Never married | 21.34 (17.59-25.64) | 22.54 (18.29-27.45) | 19.56 (13.67-27.18) | |
| Youth age, y | ||||
| 0-4 | 26.54 (23.59-29.71) | 27.59 (23.56-32.01) | 24.96 (21.66-28.57) | .12 |
| 5-9 | 30.86 (28.39-33.44) | 28.47 (25.41-31.76) | 34.46 (31.13-37.95) | |
| 10-13 | 22.48 (20.43-24.67) | 23.50 (20.71-26.54) | 20.94 (18.27-23.87) | |
| 14-17 | 20.12 (17.81-22.65) | 20.44 (17.18-24.13) | 19.65 (16.69-22.99) | |
| Youth sex | ||||
| Female | 48.33 (45.55-51.13) | 48.86 (44.89-52.85) | 47.53 (42.08-53.05) | .73 |
| Male | 51.67 (48.87-54.45) | 51.14 (47.15-55.11) | 52.47 (46.95-57.95) | |
| Maternal age, y | ||||
| 18-29 | 16.90 (14.56-19.53) | 17.78 (14.48-21.64) | 15.57 (12.21-19.64) | .25 |
| 30-39 | 48.67 (44.54-52.82) | 49.17 (44.02-54.35) | 47.92 (41.76-54.15) | |
| 40-49 | 30.30 (26.70-34.16) | 28.20 (23.66-33.22) | 33.47 (27.90-39.56) | |
| 50-64 | 4.13 (3.00-5.65) | 4.85 (3.15-7.38) | 3.04 (2.10-4.37) | |
| Mother not born in the US | 63.90 (59.39-68.18) | 57.48 (51.79-62.97) | 73.60 (64.10-81.31) | .006 |
| US Census region | ||||
| Northeast | 13.12 (9.62-17.64) | 15.27 (11.06-20.71) | 9.87 (5.83-16.22) | <.001 |
| North Central/Midwest | 9.00 (5.94-13.40) | 10.27 (6.15-16.65) | 7.08 (3.91-12.48) | |
| South | 43.71 (34.60-53.26) | 32.74 (26.96-39.10) | 60.27 (45.82-73.12) | |
| West | 34.17 (27.04-42.10) | 41.72 (34.44-49.38) | 22.79 (14.96-33.12) | |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Youth insurance coverage | ||||
| Private | 35.43 (31.05-40.07) | 42.21 (36.37-48.27) | 25.21 (19.91-31.37) | <.001 |
| Public | 61.53 (57.15-65.74) | 55.30 (49.30-61.15) | 70.94 (64.64-76.53) | |
| Uninsured | 3.04 (2.15-4.27) | 2.50 (1.61-3.84) | 3.85 (2.38-6.18) | |
| Maternal insurance coverage | ||||
| Private | 43.91 (39.39-48.54) | 49.21 (43.05-55.40) | 35.91 (30.75-41.43) | .009 |
| Public | 24.45 (20.62-28.72) | 22.96 (18.10-28.68) | 26.68 (20.60-33.80) | |
| Uninsured | 31.64 (26.30-37.51) | 27.82 (22.83-33.44) | 37.41 (30.60-44.74) | |
| Income (% FPL) | ||||
| ≥400% | 9.77 (7.18-13.17) | 11.28 (7.65-16.33) | 7.50 (4.49-12.29) | .02 |
| 300%-399% | 7.76 (5.70-10.49) | 9.44 (6.50-13.51) | 5.22 (2.65-10.03) | |
| 200%-299% | 14.09 (11.44-17.25) | 15.96 (12.24-20.55) | 11.28 (8.02-15.64) | |
| 100%-199% | 25.51 (22.09-29.27) | 26.65 (22.62-31.10) | 23.80 (18.42-30.17) | |
| ≤99% | 42.86 (38.59-47.24) | 36.67 (32.02-41.59) | 52.19 (46.60-57.73) | |
| Contextual characteristic | ||||
| Survey year | ||||
| 2010-2012 | 28.97 (25.63-32.56) | 28.57 (24.34-33.21) | 29.58 (24.93-34.70) | .94 |
| 2013-2015 | 45.12 (41.47-49.13) | 45.60 (40.34-50.95) | 44.41 (39.41-49.52) | |
| 2016-2017 | 25.91 (22.32-29.85) | 25.83 (20.86-31.52) | 26.01 (22.06-30.41) | |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable.
a
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.29
b
Determined using χ2 test.