Table 1.
Published human studies of cytokine changes in paraquat poisoning
| Study | Year | Sample size | Excluded disease | Age | Time to the hospital, hour | Blood paraquat level, mg/L | Severity index of paraquat poisoning score, mg hour/L | Cytokine changes | Mortality rate, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present study | 2021 | 21 | None | 48.9±18.4 | 11.3±24.1 | 4.0±3.8 | 9.7±10.0 | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-17A, eotaxin, G-CSF MCP-1, IP-10, and MIP-1β | 66.7 |
| Dai et al. [12] | 2020 | 82 | Immune or immune-related diseases | Survivors: 32.0±7.4 | Survivors: 11.5±4.7 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | IL-10 | 34.1 |
| Non-survivors: 29.8±6.6 | Non-survivors: 10.9±5.2 | ||||||||
| Dai et al. [11] | 2020 | 75 | Immune or immune-related diseases | Survivors: 30.1±9.8 | Survivors: 10.1±6.0 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | TLR4, IL-1 and TNF-α | 65.3 |
| Non-survivors: 30.8±8.9 | Non-survivors: 10.7±4.9 | ||||||||
| Yi et al. [10] | 2019 | 44 | Pulmonary or organ dysfunction and patients who died or were discharged in 24 hours | Control group: 35.6±6.1 | Control group: 4.9±3.1 | Control group: 0.8±3.6 | Control group: 4.5±6.4 | IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α | 63.6 |
| Edaravone group: 37.2±5.8 | Edaravone group: 5.0±2.8 | Edaravone group: 1.2±2.9 | Edaravone group: 5.1±5.9 | ||||||
| Meng et al. [9] | 2019 | 174 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psychosis, and diabetes with severely impaired liver or renal function | Survivors: 31.2±11.5 | Survivors: 2.8±2.7 | Survivors: 6.4±4.0 | Not mentioned | TNF-α | 45.4 |
| Non-survivors: 34.3±12.5 | Non-survivors: 3.7±6.3 | Non-survivors: 6.8±4.0 | |||||||
| Wu et al. [8] | 2018 | 26 | Complications or infection of the heart, liver or kidney and immune or immune-related diseases | Median: 39 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | IL-6 | Not mentioned |
| Zheng et al. [7] | 2012 | 36 | Not mentioned | Control group: 39.5±12.6 | Control group: 3.1±0.6 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | TGF-β1 | 66.7 |
| Xuebijing group: 37.3±12.2 | Xuebijing group: 3.2±0.7 |
Note: IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-2, interleukin 2; IL-5, interleukin 5; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-8, interleukin 8; IL-9, interleukin 9; IL-10, interleukin 10; IL-12 p70, interleukin 12 p70; IL-17A, interleukin 17A; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4.