Deletion of p16 promoted chondrocyte proliferation. Representative immunofluorescent micrographs of (A) PCNA, an indicator of proliferation, and (C) COL2A1, a specific marker of chondrocytes in chondrocytes differentiated from BM-MSCs. The percentages of (B) PCNA-positive cells and (D) COL2A1-positive areas in chondrocytes differentiated from BM-MSCs. (E) CCK-8 assay was performed to measure the absorbance at 450 nm to assess chondrocyte proliferation in chondrocytes differentiated from BM-MSCs. Representative immunohistochemical micrographs of (F) PCNA and (I) COL2A1 in callus on postoperative days 7, 10 and 14. The percentages of (G) PCNA-positive cells and (J) COL2A1-positive areas in callus on postoperative days 7, 10, and 14. (G) The mRNA levels of (H) PCNA and (K) COL2A1 in callus on postoperative days 7, 10, and 14 were measured by qRT-PCR, calculated as ratio relative to GAPDH mRNA and expressed relative to WT. n=4, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, compared with WT mice.