Table 2. Comparison of Optimization Results of Case 1.

source	method	TAC/$·year–1	units
Linnhoff and Ahmad43	Pinch technology	2.992 × 106a	13
Bergamini et al.44	outer approximation (OA)	2.935 × 106	15
Yerramsetty and Murty45	DE	2.942 × 106	15
Zhaoyi et al.24	GA/PSO	2.936 × 106	11
Zhaoyi et al.24b	GA/PSO	2.922 × 106	13
Peng and Cui25	SA/SA	2.935 × 106	15
Núñez-Serna and Zamora46	MSO	2.933 × 106	15
Pavão et al.9	SA/PSO	2.929 × 106	13
this work	CLPSO	2.928 × 106	13

^aRevised by Fieg et al.²¹

^bHENs with splits.