TABLE 3.
Effect estimates for associations of other comorbidities and metabolic factors with hepatocellular carcinoma risk
| Comorbidity | Relative risk measure a | Risk ratio (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|
| Dyslipidaemia | ||
| Korea, Goh (2020) 73 | aHR | 0.77 (0.63 to 0.95) |
| Korea, Cho (2019) 77 | uHR | 0.60 (0.26 to 1.39) |
| China, Tan (2019) 78 , b , c | aHR | 0.67 (0.39 to 1.16) |
| China, Tan (2019) 78 , b , d | aHR | 0.49 (0.12 to 2.00) |
| US, Chayanupatkul (2017) 83 , b | uHR | 0.86 (0.38 to 2.00) |
| Taiwan, Hsu (2014) 90 | uHR | 0.34 (0.05 to 2.50) |
| Taiwan, Wu (2014) 56 , b , d | aHR | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.23) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | ||
| France, Brichler (2019) 98 | aHR | 2.67 (1.04 to 6.84) |
| US, Chayanupatkul (2017) 83 | aHR e | 2.21 (0.75 to 6.56) |
| Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | ||
| China, Tan (2019) 78 | aHR | 1.59 (0.73 to 3.44) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2) | ||
| Netherlands, Brouwer (2015) 87 | uHR | 1.90 (0.60 to 6.20) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥27 kg/m2) | ||
| Taiwan, Chen (2013) 92 | uHR | 0.84 (0.44 to 1.60) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) | ||
| Korea, Lee (2016) 99 | uHR | 0.90 (0.17 to 4.62) |
| Statin use | ||
| Korea, Goh (2020) 73 | aHR | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.68) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 | aHR | 0.81 (0.73 to 0.90) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2018) 80 | aHR | 0.52 (0.26 to 1.01) |
| CVD | ||
| Korea, Cho (2019) 77 —CVD | uHR | 1.46 (0.64 to 3.34) |
| US, Chayanupatkul (2017) 83 —IHD | uHR | 1.19 (0.39 to 3.65) |
| France, Mallet (2017) 85 —CVD | aHR | 0.57 (0.53 to 0.62) |
| Taiwan, Wu (2014) 56 —ACS | aHR | 0.66 (0.55 to 0.79) |
| Taiwan, Wu (2014) 56 —Cerebrovascular disease | aHR | 0.50 (0.40 to 0.64) |
| Other | ||
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 —Thiazolidinedione use) | aHR | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.14) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 —Metformin use | aHR | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.02) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 —Sulphonylurea use | aHR | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.30) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 —Insulin use | aHR | 1.32 (1.19 to 1.46) |
| Hong Kong, Yip (2020) 100 —Aspirin/clopidogrel use | aHR | 0.76 (0.68 to 0.85) |
| Korea, Cho (2019) 77 —NAFLD | aHR | 1.67 (1.05 to 2.63) |
| France, Mallet (2017) 85 —Renal disease (off dialysis, no transplant | aHR | 0.34 (0.28 to 0.41) |
| France, Mallet (2017) 85 —Renal disease (on dialysis, no transplant) | aHR | 0.36 (0.22 to 0.60) |
| France, Mallet (2017) 85 —Respiratory disease | aHR | 0.37 (0.33 to 0.42) |
| Taiwan, Yu (2017) 101 —Metabolic risk factors f | aHR | HRs for obese or diabetic, obese and diabetic, and ≥3 metabolic risk factors were 1.29 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.81), 1.18 (0.16 to 8.54) and 2.61 (1.34 to 5.08), respectively, compared with the nonobese and nondiabetic reference group. |
| Taiwan, Wu (2014) 56 —COPD | aHR | 0.71 (0.59 to 0.87) |
| Taiwan, Wu (2014) 56 —Renal failure | aHR | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.04) |
| Taiwan, Chen (2013) 92 —Metabolic syndrome | uHR | 1.19 (0.63 to 2.26) |
Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; aHR, adjusted Hazards Ratio; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; uHR, unadjusted Hazards Ratio.
a
Adjusted risk ratios are minimally adjusted for age and sex.
b
Defined specifically as hyperlipidaemia.
c
Defined specifically as hypertriglyceridaemia.
d
Defined specifically as hypercholesteraemia.
e
Adjusted for age but not sex.
f
Metabolic risk factors (obesity, diabetes, hypertriglyceridaemia and HT), with exposure groups split into groups of 0, 1, 2 and ≥3 risk factors.