Table 2.
Association of diet quality indices with risk of peripheral arterial disease in the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 138 506)
| Variables | Quartile for diet quality scores | P-trend | Per SD increment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
| aMED | ||||||
| Median score (range) | 2 (0–2) | 3 (3–3) | 4 (4–5) | 6 (6–9) | ||
| No. of cases | 245 | 188 | 387 | 216 | ||
| No. of person-years | 366 894 | 374 610 | 853 296 | 584 371 | ||
| Model 1 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) |
| Model 2 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.010 | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) |
| AHEI-2010 | ||||||
| Median score (range) | 40.3 (14.4–44.9) | 48.6 (45.0–51.9) | 55.4 (52.0–59.3) | 64.6 (59.4–94.5) | ||
| No. of cases | 333 | 300 | 199 | 204 | ||
| No. of person-years | 522 183 | 536 668 | 552 878 | 567 443 | ||
| Model 1 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.78–0.89) |
| Model 2 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) |
| DASH | ||||||
| Median score (range) | 18 (8–20) | 23 (21–24) | 26 (25–27) | 30 (28–39) | ||
| No. of cases | 299 | 281 | 216 | 240 | ||
| No. of person-years | 414 361 | 586 711 | 500 037 | 678 063 | ||
| Model 1 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.55 (0.46–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) |
| Model 2 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) | 0.74 (0.62–0.89) | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) |
| HEI-2015 | ||||||
| Median score (range) | 53.0 (20.5–58.6) | 62.8 (58.7–66.3) | 69.8 (66.4–73.3) | 77.6 (73.4–96.7) | ||
| No. of cases | 337 | 257 | 243 | 199 | ||
| No. of person-years | 525 109 | 543 435 | 552 974 | 557 654 | ||
| Model 1 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.76 (0.65–0.90) | 0.73 (0.61–0.86) | 0.59 (0.49–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) |
| Model 2 (HR [95% CI]) | 1.00 (referent) | 0.83 (0.71–0.98) | 0.81 (0.69–0.98) | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) |
AHEI indicates alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; and SD, standard deviation.
Model 1 was adjusted for age (y), race/ethnicity (White, Black/African-American, Hispanic/Latino, other/unknown), education (at most high school, some college, college or above), annual family income (<20 000, 20 000–<50 000, 50 000–<75 000, ≥75 000 USD), and study group (Observational Study, control of Clinical Trials, active arms of Clinical Trials).
Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in the model 1 plus smoking status (never, former, current), pack-years of smoking (for current smokers), alcohol consumption (0, 0–<5, 5–<15, 15–<25, ≥25 g/day; only for DASH index and HEI-2015), recreational physical activity (MET-h/week), total energy intake (kcal/d), body mass index (kg/m2), use of statins (yes, no), reported hyperlipidemia (yes, no), use of antihypertensive drugs (yes, no), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reported diabetes (yes, no).