Table 3.

Population attributable fractions (PAF) of lifestyle and metabolic risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the Women’s Health Initiative (n = 138 506)

Risk factors	Prevalence, %	HR (95% CI)	PAF (95% CI),%
Lower DASH score (below median or <25)	47.5	1.21 (1.06–1.38)	9.7 (3.3–15.7)
Physical inactivity (<7.5 MET-h/week)*	44.6	1.21 (1.06–1.39)	9.7 (3.5–15.5)
Smoking (current vs. never/former)	6.9	4.00 (3.24–4.94)	18.0 (16.7–19.2)
Diabetes†	5.7	3.35 (2.82–3.97)	12.4 (11.5–13.2)
Hypertension†	38.7	2.33 (2.04–2.66)	36.5 (32.7–40.1)
Dyslipidemia†	14.5	1.51 (1.30–1.75)	8.4 (5.9–10.8)

DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; MET, metabolic equivalent.

Where appropriate, results were adjusted for all covariates listed for model 2 of Table 2 (as such, all listed lifestyle and metabolic risk factors were mutually adjusted for each other).

^*Recreational physical activity of 7.5 MET-h/week approximates moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 150 min/week (the lowest level recommended by the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans).

^†Definitions are as follows: diabetes was defined as a self-reported physician’s diagnosis; hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, a self-reported physician’s diagnosis, or use of antihypertensive mediations; and dyslipidemia was defined as a self-reported physician’s diagnosis or use of statins.