Table 1.

Features of different kinds of regulated cell death.

	Ferroptosis	Apoptosis	Autophagy	Necroptosis	Pyroptosis
Morphological feature	Small mitochondria with increased mitochondrial membrane densities and decreased volume, reduction and vanishing of mitochondria cristae	Plasma membrane blisters, cell and nuclear volume reduction, nuclear fragmentation	Formation of double-membraned autolysosome	Plasma membrane swollen, Organelle swelling, Moderate chromatin condensation	Karyopyknosis, cell edema and membrane rupture
Biochemical feature	Iron metabolism	DNA fragmentation	Increased lysosomal activity	Opening of PTPC	Dependent on caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokine releases
	GSH deficiency	Caspase activation	P62 degradation	A drop in ATP levels
	Lipid peroxidation
Activation condition	Erastin	DNA damage	Nutritional deficiency	Severe oxidative stress	LPS
	RSL3	ROS overload death receptor activation	ER stress oxidative stress	Cytosolic Ca2+ overload	NLRP3 and other inflammatory bodies
	Sorafenib
	I/R injury
Key gene	GPX4, SCL7A11	Caspase-3, Bcl-2	ATG5, ATG7, LC3	CYPD, LEF1	Caspase-1, IL-1β
	P53, FSP1, ACSL4, VDAC2/3	Bax, Fas	Beclin 1	RIP1, RIP3, MLKL	IL-18, gasdermin D
	TFR1, FTH1, FTL	P53
Relevant disease	Cerebral stroke, Cancer	Cancer, Viral infection	Cancer	Infection	Infection
	Ischemia–reperfusion injury	Autoimmune diseases	Parkinson disease	Toxins, trauma	Inflammation
	Acute kidney injury	Aplastic anemia	Cardiovascular disease		Diabetic nephropathy

CYPD, Cyclophilin D; LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1; ATG5, autophagy-related gene 5; ATG7, autophagy-related gene 7; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain like protein; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; RIP, receptor-interacting protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, BCL2-Associated X; Fas, factor associated suicide; IL, Interleukin; LPS, Lipopolysaccharides; NLRP3, Nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain, leucine- rich repeat and pyrin domain- containing 3; VDAC, Voltage dependent anion channel; GSDMD, Gasdermin D.