| morphological structures |
microstructure
(0): microflower, microrod, microsheet, microsphere,
and microurchin |
30 |
| |
nano-1D (1): nanobullets, nanocone, nanoforest, nanograss,
nanoneedles, nanorod, nanotree, nanotube, and nanowire |
193 |
| |
nano-2D (2): nanobead,
nanobelt, nanocrystal, nanodisk, nanoflakes,
nanoplates, nanosheet |
34 |
| |
nano-3D (3): nanocaterpillar, nanocluster, nanocubes, nanoflower,
nanomushrooms, nanoparticle, nanopyramid, nanosphere, nanostar, and
nanourchin |
41 |
| precursors |
precursor 1: zinc nitrate |
216 |
| |
precursor 2: zinc acetate |
68 |
| |
precursor 3: zinc chloride |
14 |
| dyes |
dye 1: N719 |
222 |
| |
dye 2: N3 |
21 |
| |
dye 3: D102 |
8 |
| |
dye 4: D149 |
8 |
| |
dye 5: natural dye,
rodhamine B, eosin-Y, D205, mercurochrome,
Z907, LEG-4, and C-218 |
39 |
| synthesis temperature |
low: 40–90 °C |
110 |
| |
medium: 90–95 °C |
18 |
| |
high: 95–120 °C |
37 |
| |
very high: 120–220 °C |
133 |
| synthesis time |
low: 0.5–3 h |
79 |
| |
medium: 3–6 h |
72 |
| |
high: 6–12 h |
78 |
| |
very high: 12–144 h |
69 |
| seed layer |
present |
183 |
| |
absent |
115 |
| PCE |
minimum: 0.005% |
|
| |
first Quartile (Q1): 0.33% |
|
| |
second quartile (Q2): 0.93% |
298 |
| |
third quartile
(Q3): 1.94% |
|
| |
maximum: 7.66% |
|
