Table 3.
Reported gonorrhoea prevalence and/or test positivity in sex workers, by WHO region and country
| WHO region | Country | No. of data points | Reference | Years reported | Study settinga | No. tested | Reported prevalence and/or test positivity | Standardized estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WOMEN | ||||||||
| Africa | Benin | 1 | Behanzin et al. [151] | 2008 | Clinic setting | 1082 | 6.20% | 5.53% |
| Botswana | 1 | Merrigan et al. [152] | 2012 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 947 | 10.50% | 10.86% | |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 1 | Vuylsteke et al. [153] | 2007 and 2009 | Clinic setting | 1110 | 5.10% | 4.40% | |
| Ethiopia | 1 | Tadele et al. [154] | 2017 | Clinic setting | 338 | 3.30% | 4.13% | |
| Guinea | 1 | Aho et al. [155] | 2005–2006 | Clinic setting | 223 | 9.00% | 8.40% | |
| Kenya | 1 | Izulla et al. [156] | 2009–2010 | Clinic setting | 2933 | 3.07% | 3.84% | |
| Rwanda | 2 | Braunstein et al. [157] | 2006–2007 | Clinic setting | 397 | 11.60% | 11.06% | |
| Jespers et al. [26] | 2010–2011 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 30b | 7.00% | 6.35% | |||
| Uganda | 1 | Vandepitte et al. [158] | 2008–2009 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 1025 | 13.00% | 12.49% | |
| Americas (excluding high-income North America) | Guatemala | 1 | Sabido et al. [159] | 2008–2009 | Commercial site | 494 | 0.80% | 0.83% |
| Honduras | 1 | Tinajeros et al. [160] | 2006–2008 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 950 | 2.30% | 1.54% | |
| Mexico | 1 | Bazzi et al. [161] | 2010–2013 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 212 | 0.94% | 0.98% | |
| Peru | 1 | Carcamo et al. [17] | 2002 | Commercial site | 4263 | 1.62% | 1.25% | |
| Eastern Mediterranean | Iran | 2 | Kazerooni et al. [162] | 2010 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 278 | 1.43% | 1.79% |
| Nasirian et al. [163] | 2013–2014 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 99b | 9.09% | 8.49% | |||
| Pakistan | 1 | Khan et al. [164] | 2007 | Commercial site | 730 | 7.50% | 6.86% | |
| Tunisiac | 1 | Znazen et al. [165] | 2007 | Clinic setting | 188 | 3.72% | 4.66% | |
| 1 | Znazen et al. [165] | 2007 | Clinic setting | 188 | 11.17% | 10.62% | ||
| Europe | UK | 1 | Mc Grath-Lone et al. [166] | 2011 | Clinic setting | 2534 | 2.70% | 1.95% |
| South-East Asia | Bangladesh | 2 | Haseen et al. [167] | 2006–2007 | Commercial site | 1013 | 2.20% | 2.27% |
| Khanam et al. [168] | 2014 | Commercial site | 700 | 5.40% | 4.71% | |||
| India | 2 | Das et al. [169] | 2008–2008 | Clinic setting | 417 | 14.20% | 13.72% | |
| Hemalatha et al. [170] | 2005–2006 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 3223 | 1.99% | 2.05% | |||
| Indonesia | 5 | Bollen et al. [171] | 2008–2009 | Clinic setting | 580 | 29.31% | 29.19% | |
| Majid et al. [172] | 2006–2007 | Commercial site | 4324 | 24.60% | 24.37% | |||
| Mawu et al. [173] | 2008 | Commercial site | 217 | 10.60% | 10.03% | |||
| Silitonga et al. [174] | 1997–2002 | Clinic setting | 3073 | 16.69% | 20.88% | |||
| Tanudyaya et al. [175] | 2005 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 2500 | 28.60% | 28.46% | |||
| Western Pacific | Cambodia | 1 | Couture et al. [176] | 2007–2008 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 160 | 7.80% | 8.06% |
| China | 9 | Chen et al. [177] | 2009 | Commercial site | 3099 | 5.91% | 5.23% | |
| Guo et al. [178] | 2010–2011 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 609 | 2.30% | 1.54% | |||
| Jin et al. [179] | 2008 | Commercial site | 568 | 8.30% | 7.68% | |||
| Luo et al. [180] | 2009–2012 | Commercial site | 2053 | 8.00% | 7.37% | |||
| Remis et al. [181] | 2009 | Commercial site | 750 | 3.50% | 3.62% | |||
| Tang et al. [182] | 2009 | Commercial site | 849 | 5.42% | 4.73% | |||
| Wong et al. [183] | 2007 | Clinic setting | 503 | 1.79% | 1.01% | |||
| Wong et al. [184] | 2012–2013 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 340 | 0.90% | 0.93% | |||
| Zhu et al. [185] | 2007 | Commercial site | 488 | 1.84% | 1.06% | |||
| MEN | ||||||||
| Africa | Cote d'Ivoire | 1 | Vuylsteke et al. [186] | 2007–2008 | Clinic setting | 96b | 12.80% | 11.75% |
| Americas (excluding high-income North America) | Mexico | 2 | Bazzi et al. [161] | 2010–2013 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 212d | 1.42% | 1.54% |
| Galarraga et al. [187] | ·· | Clinic setting | 267 | 2.26% | 2.53% | |||
| Europe | UK | 1 | Mc Grath-Lone et al. [166] | 2011 | Clinic setting | 447 | 17.40%e | 16.33% |
| Western Pacific | Korea (Rep. of) | 1 | Jung et al. [146] | 2008 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 118 | 0.00% | 0.01% |
| Vietnam | 1 | Goldsamt et al. [188] | 2014–2016 | Community-based or other mixed locations | 995 | 10.45% | 9.41% | |
aClinic settings included STI clinics, genito-urinary clinics and outreach clinics. Commercial sites included hotels, brothels, street and other residences. The remainder were community-based or conducted at other mixed locations, or the location was not specified.
If the standardized estimate was a negative number, the standardized prevalence was reported at 1 case divided by 100 times the sample size [11].
If the clinical specimen was specified but not the laboratory test used, or vice versa, the arithmetic mean of the sensitivity and specificity for the laboratory test or for the clinical specimen, respectively, was used instead [17].
bGiven the rarity of data, this study was included despite a sample size of <100.
cIn this study, two separate estimates were generated in the same population – 188 participants were tested by culture and the same 188 participants by NAAT.
dMen included in this study are non-commercial, intimate partners of female sex workers.
eThis is a period prevalence, defined as the proportion of individuals tested for a sexually transmitted infection in 2011 who experienced an episode of that infection.
··=Not reported. NAAT=nucleic acid amplification test. No=number. UK=United Kingdom. WHO=World Health Organization.