Fig. 3. Mechanisms associated with neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can affect functioning of the brain owing to the loss of neuron and neuronal integrity by various possible mechanisms. This includes, but is not restricted to, encephalitis^{192,193,199,202}, vasculopathy or vasculitis^192,193, effects of systemic inflammation^204,205, induction of autoimmune reactions^199–201 and peripheral organ dysfunctions^208,209. How SARS-CoV-2-directed therapies eventually affect brain function and structure also remains to be seen ¹⁸⁷.