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. 2021 Oct 22;13(21):5318. doi: 10.3390/cancers13215318

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Functional roles of TAMs. TAMs can promote tumor progression through four main mechanisms: (1) augmenting tumor proliferation; (2) enhancing angiogenesis; (3) promoting metastasis; and (4) suppressing adaptive immune responses. Abbreviations: EGF—epithelial growth factor; PDGF—platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β—transforming growth factor beta; HGF—hepatocyte growth factor; bFGF—basic fibroblast growth factor, MGF-E8—milk fat globule-EGF factor 8; EC—endothelial cell; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; CCL2—C motif chemokine ligand 2; CXCL8—C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8; MMPs—matrix metalloproteases; MIP1-β—macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta; CCL18—C motif chemokine ligand 18; S100A8/9—S100 calcium binding protein A8/9; SPARC—secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich; Arg1—arginase 1; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-10—interleukin 10; PGE2—prostaglandin E2; CCL17/22—C motif chemokine ligand 17/22; PD-L1/2—programmed death ligand ½; Tex—exhausted T cell; Treg—regulatory T cell. Created with BioRender.com.