Table 2.
Differences in Outcome Measures Among Education Interventionsa Continued on Next Page
| Outcome |
All Athletes (n = 118) |
Group |
Group × Time P Valuec |
||
| CrashCourseb (n = 40) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Video Materials (n = 40) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Written Materials (n = 38) |
|||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| Concussion-reporting intention | .03e | ||||
| Participants, No. | 115 | 38 | 39 | 38 | |
| Time | |||||
| Baseline (95% CI) | 4.8 (4.3, 5.3) | 4.7 (3.8, 5.5) | 4.3 (3.4, 5.1) | 5.5 (4.6, 6.3) | |
| Immediate follow-up (95% CI) | 5.5 (5.0, 6.0) | 6.1 (5.2, 7.0) | 5.2 (4.3, 6.1) | 5.1 (4.2, 6.0) | |
| 1-mo follow-up (95% CI) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.4) | 6.0 (5.2, 6.8) | 5.8 (5.0, 6.6) | 6.0 (5.2, 6.8) | |
| P value across all time pointsd | <.001e | .007e | .001e | .10 | |
| Difference from baseline to immediately after education (P value) | 0.7 (.002)e | 1.5 (<.001)e | 0.9 (.05) | −0.4 (.29) | |
| Difference from baseline to 1-mo follow-up (P value) | 1.1 (<.001)e | 1.3 (.02)e | 1.5 (<.001)e | 0.6 (.15) | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| Concussion knowledge | .03e | ||||
| Participants, No. | 113 | 38 | 37 | 38 | |
| Time | |||||
| Baseline (95% CI) | 0.70 (0.68, 0.72) | 0.72 (0.68, 0.75) | 0.69 (0.65, 0.72) | 0.69 (0.66, 0.73) | |
| Immediately after education (95% CI) | 0.74 (0.72, 0.77) | 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.74) | |
| 1-mo follow-up (95% CI) | 0.73 (0.71, 0.75) | 0.77 (0.74, 0.81) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.76) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.73) | |
| P value across all time pointsd | <.001e | .001e | .11 | .74 | |
| Difference from baseline to immediately after education (P value) | 0.04 (<.001)e | 0.08 (<.001)e | 0.04 (.08) | 0.01 (.45) | |
| Difference from baseline to 1-mo follow-up (P value) | 0.03 (.01)e | 0.05 (.04) | 0.04 (.06) | 0.00 (.84) | |
| Concussion-reporting attitudes | .03e | ||||
| Participants, No. | 114 | 38 | 38 | 38 | |
| Time | |||||
| Baseline (95% CI) | 6.5 (6.2, 6.9) | 6.5 (5.9, 7.1) | 6.3 (5.7, 6.9) | 6.7 (6.1, 7.3) | |
| Immediately after education (95% CI) | 6.8 (6.4, 7.2) | 7.3 (6.7, 8.0) | 6.0 (5.3, 6.6) | 7.0 (6.4, 7.7) | |
| 1-mo follow-up (95% CI) | 7.0 (6.6, 7.3) | 7.3 (6.7, 7.9) | 6.4 (5.8, 7.0) | 7.2 (6.6, 7.8) | |
| P value across all time pointsd | .009e | <.001e | .24 | .26 | |
| Difference from baseline to immediately after education (P value)d | 0.3 (.03) | 0.9 (<.001)e | −0.3 (.14) | 0.3 (.22) | |
| Difference from baseline to 1-mo follow-up (P value)d | 0.5 (.004)e | 0.8 (.001)e | 0.1 (.77) | 0.5 (.13) | |
| Perceived concussion-reporting norms | .15 | ||||
| Participants, No. | 115 | 38 | 39 | 38 | |
| Time | |||||
| Baseline (95% CI) | 6.5 (6.1, 6.9) | 6.2 (5.5, 6.9) | 6.3 (5.6, 7.0) | 7.0 (6.3, 7.7) | |
| Immediately after education (95% CI) | 6.4 (5.9, 6.9) | 6.8 (6.0, 7.6) | 6.1 (5.3, 6.9) | 6.3 (5.5, 7.1) | |
| 1-mo follow-up (95% CI) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.8) | 6.4 (5.6, 7.2) | 5.9 (5.1, 6.7) | 6.7 (5.9, 7.6) | |
| P value across all time pointsd | .73 | .25 | .53 | .11 | |
| Difference from baseline to immediately after education (P value)d | −0.1 (.56) | 0.5 (.05) | −0.2 (.64) | −0.7 (.04) | |
| Difference from baseline to 1-mo follow-up (P value)d | −0.2 (.42) | 0.2 (.61) | −0.4 (.24) | −0.3 (.36) | |
| Perceived behavioral control | .93 | ||||
| Participants, No. | 115 | 38 | 39 | 38 | |
| Time | |||||
| Baseline (95% CI) | 7.4 (7.0, 7.9) | 7.4 (6.6, 8.2) | 7.1 (6.3, 7.9) | 7.7 (6.9, 8.5) | |
| Immediately after education (95% CI) | 8.0 (7.5, 8.4) | 8.1 (7.3, 8.9) | 7.7 (6.9, 8.5) | 8.0 (7.2, 8.8) | |
| 1-mo follow-up (95% CI) | 8.0 (7.5, 8.4) | 8.0 (7.3, 8.8) | 7.7 (6.9, 8.4) | 8.1 (7.4, 8.9) | |
| P value across all time pointsd | .003e | .11 | .05 | .41 | |
| Difference from baseline to immediately after education (P value)d | 0.5 (.002)e | 0.7 (.05) | 0.6 (.01)e | 0.3 (.29) | |
| Difference from baseline to 1-mo follow-up (P value)d | 0.5 (.005)e | 0.6 (.03) | 0.6 (.08) | 0.40 (.27) | |
All primary and secondary outcomes, besides those related to concussion knowledge, were assessed based on athletes' responses on a 10-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree) to specific questions related to that domain. A composite measure for each outcome was created by summing athletes' responses and dividing by the number of questions asked, resulting in outcomes scaled from 1 to 10.
TeachAids.
Represents the interaction term from the repeated-measures analysis of variance with 1 between-subjects factor (group) and 1 within-subject factor (time point).
Represents the results of the post hoc analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons.
Indicates difference.