Table 2.
Prevalence of DFD, DFU, DFI, DG, DLEA, and other DFD among people with diabetes in terms of demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle risk factors.
| Diabetes-Related Foot Disease (DFD) (n = 3035) |
Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) (n = 1503) |
Diabetic Foot Infection (DFI) (n = 1448) |
Diabetic Gangrene (DG) (n = 123) |
Diabetes-Related Lower Extremity Amputation (DLEA) (n = 222) |
Other Diabetes-Related Foot Disease (Other DFD) (n = 1189) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (95% CI) |
Prevalence (95% CI) |
Prevalence (95% CI) |
Prevalence (95% CI) |
Prevalence (95% CI) |
Prevalence (95% CI) |
|
| Overall | 10.8 (10.3, 11.2) | 5.4 (5.1, 5.8) | 5.2 (4.9, 5.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.5) |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age a | ||||||
| 45–54 years | 5.4 (4.5, 6.4) *** | 2.4 (1.8, 3.1) *** | 3.1 (2.5, 3.9) *** | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.8) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) *** |
| 55–64 years | 7.2 (6.5, 7.9) | 3.3 (2.8, 3.9) | 4.1 (3.6, 4.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) |
| 65–74 years | 10.3 (9.5, 11.1) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | 4.7 (4.1, 5.2) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 4.5 (4.0, 5.1) |
| 75+ years | 19.0 (18.0, 20.1) | 10.8 (10.0, 11.7) | 8.5 (7.7, 9.3) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 6.5 (5.9, 7.2) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 11.5 (10.9, 12.1) *** | 5.7 (5.3, 6.2) | 5.4 (5.0, 5.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) *** | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) *** | 4.7 (4.4, 5.2) *** |
| Female | 10.0 (9.3, 10.7) | 5.1 (4.6, 5.6) | 4.9 (4.5, 5.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) |
| Current marital status a | ||||||
| Single | 12.2 (10.5, 14.1) *** | 7.1 (5.9, 8.6) *** | 7.9 (6.5, 9.7) *** | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) *** | 3.7 (2.9, 4.8) *** |
| Married/defacto | 8.8 (8.4, 9.3) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 3.6 (3.3, 3.9) |
| Widowed | 16.4 (15.1, 17.9) | 9.0 (8.0, 10.2) | 8.2 (7.2, 9.3) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 5.3 (4.6, 6.1) |
| Divorced/separated | 11.7 (10.4, 13.2) | 5.9 (4.9, 7.0) | 5.7 (4.7, 6.8) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) |
| Remoteness +,a | ||||||
| Major Cities | 10.4 (9.8, 11.0) *** | 5.4 (4.9, 5.9) | 5.0 (4.5, 5.4) ** | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) * | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) |
| Regional | 11.3 (10.7, 11.9) | 5.4 (5.0, 5.9) | 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 4.5 (4.1, 4.9) |
| Remote/Very remote | 15.4 (11.9, 19.7) | 7.4 (5.1, 10.7) | 8.6 (6.0, 12.2) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.0) | 1.3 (0.6, 3.1) | 4.4 (2.7, 7.1) |
| Born in Australia b | ||||||
| Yes | 11.8 (11.3, 12.4) *** | 6.1 (5.7, 6.6) *** | 5.9 (5.4, 6.3) *** | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) *** | 4.3 (4.0, 4.7) * |
| No | 8.6 (7.9, 9.4) | 4.1 (3.6, 4.6) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 3.5 (3.1, 4.1) |
| Language spoken other than English | ||||||
| Yes | 7.6 (6.7, 8.6) *** | 3.6 (3.0, 4.3) *** | 3.6 (3.0, 4.4) *** | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) ** | 2.8 (2.3, 3.5) *** |
| No | 11.6 (11.1, 12.1) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.3) | 5.6 (5.2, 6.0) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 4.4 (4.1, 4.7) |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Education b | ||||||
| Less than high school | 12.5 (11.8, 13.3) *** | 6.4 (5.8, 7.0) *** | 6.3 (5.8, 6.9) *** | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) * | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) ** | 4.5 (4.0, 5.0) *** |
| High school certificate/trade | 10.7 (9.8, 11.6) | 5.8 (5.1, 6.5) | 4.4 (3.8, 5.0) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 4.7 (4.2, 5.4) |
| Certificate/diploma | 8.9 (8.0, 9.9) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.7) | 4.6 (3.9, 5.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 3.4 (2.9, 4.1) |
| University degree or higher | 7.0 (6.2, 8.0) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.6) | 3.4 (2.8, 4.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.1) |
| SEIFA (IRSD) ^,a | ||||||
| quantile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 10.3 (9.4, 11.3) | 5.2 (4.5, 5.9) | 5.4 (4.7, 6.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 3.5 (3.0, 4.2) |
| quantile 2 | 11.4 (10.4, 12.5) | 5.9 (5.1, 6.7) | 5.3 (4.6, 6.1) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 4.3 (3.7, 5.0) |
| quantile 3 | 11.1 (10.1, 12.1) | 5.7 (5.0, 6.6) | 5.4 (4.7, 6.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 4.7 (4.1, 5.4) |
| quantile 4 | 10.4 (9.5, 11.4) | 5.1 (4.4, 5.9) | 4.3 (3.7, 5.0) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 4.1 (3.5, 4.8) |
| quantile 5 (most disadvantaged) | 10.3 (9.4, 11.3) | 5.2 (4.5, 5.9) | 5.4 (4.7, 6.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 3.5 (3.0, 4.2) |
| Annual household income (in AUD) c | ||||||
| <20 K | 13.3 (12.5, 14.2) *** | 6.8 (6.2, 7.4) *** | 6.5 (5.9, 7.2) *** | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) *** | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) *** | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) *** |
| 20 K–<50 K | 9.4 (8.6, 10.3) | 4.7 (4.1, 5.4) | 4.2 (3.7, 4.8) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 3.7 (3.2, 4.3) |
| >50 K | 5.3 (4.6, 6.0) | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.4) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
| did not disclose | 10.6 (9.5, 11.7) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | 4.9 (4.2, 5.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.7) |
| Work Status ^^,b | ||||||
| Paid | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) *** | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) *** | 2.6 (2.2, 3.1) *** | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) * | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) *** |
| Retired | 13.9 (13.2, 14.6) | 7.3 (6.8, 7.9) | 6.4 (5.9, 6.9) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.8) |
| Other | 11.8 (10.6, 13.1) | 5.9 (5.0, 6.8) | 5.9 (5.1, 6.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 4.9 (4.1, 5.8) |
| Private Health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 8.6 (8.0, 9.1) *** | 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) *** | 3.9 (3.5, 4.3) *** | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) * | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) *** | 3.1 (2.8, 3.4) *** |
| No (without DVA/concession card) ^^^ | 10.2 (9.1, 11.3) | 4.9 (4.1, 5.7) | 5.5 (4.7, 6.4) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 3.9 (3.2, 4.7) |
| No (with DVA/concession card) | 14.1 (13.2, 15.0) | 7.4 (6.8, 8.1) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.5) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 5.5 (5.0, 6.1) |
| Lifestyle risk factors | ||||||
| Ever being a regular smoker a | ||||||
| Yes | 12.1 (11.5, 12.8) *** | 6.0 (5.5, 6.5) *** | 5.6 (5.1, 6.1) ** | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) * | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 5.0 (4.6, 5.5) *** |
| No | 9.4 (8.9, 10.0) | 4.9 (4.4, 5.3) | 4.8 (4.4, 5.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 3.2 (2.8, 3.5) |
| Alcohol consumption b | ||||||
| ≤14 drinks per week | 10.9 (10.4, 11.3) | 5.5 (5.1, 5.8) | 5.2 (4.9, 5.6) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.4) |
| >14 drinks per week | 9.9 (8.7, 11.2) | 4.8 (4.0, 5.8) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.7) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 4.2 (3.4, 5.0) |
| Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (minutes) | ||||||
| <150 min | 15.1 (14.3, 16.0) *** | 8.2 (7.6, 8.9) *** | 7.3 (6.7, 7.9) *** | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) ** | 5.7 (5.2, 6.2) *** |
| 150–300 min | 8.6 (7.6, 9.6) | 4.2 (3.5, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) |
| >300 min | 7.9 (7.3, 8.5) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.9) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.3) |
| Vegetables intake b | ||||||
| <5 serves per day | 10.5 (10.0, 11.1) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.7) | 4.9 (4.6, 5.3) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 4.1 (3.7, 4.4) |
| 5 or more serves per day | 10.6 (9.9, 11.4) | 5.3 (4.8, 5.9) | 5.3 (4.8, 5.9) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.4) |
| Fruit intake b | ||||||
| <2 serves per day | 11.1 (10.4, 11.8) | 5.7 (5.2, 6.3) | 5.3 (4.8, 5.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) * | 4.1 (3.7, 4.6) |
| 2 or more serves per day | 10.6 (10.0, 11.2) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) |
Notes: ***, **, and * denote p-values of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively, for Pearson’s Chi-square test. Overlapping 95%CI indicated statistically non-significant. a Less than 1% missing values for age, marital status, remoteness, SEIFA, and ever being a smoker. b Less than 4% missing values for born in Australia, work status, fruit intake, vegetable intake, and alcohol consumption. c Annual household income has 25% missing values, including “did not disclose”. + Remoteness of residence is derived from the accessibility-Remoteness Index of Australia scores from 2006 (Australian Government Department of Health). These scores were calculated based upon distance by road to the nearest population centre where services could be obtained. The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses this score to classify different regions into major cities, inner regional, outer regional, remote, and very remote. ^ Socioeconomic status was assessed by index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD), which is one of indices of Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) (Australian Bureau of Statistics). ^^ “Other” category in work status included individuals who were sick, disabled, students, or unemployed. ^^^ DVA denotes Department of Veterans’ Affairs. DVA or concession card holders may receive higher discounted health services and medication.