Table A4.
Characteristics of survey participants with diabetes (n = 28,210) according to different diabetic foot complications.
| Diabetes-Related Foot Disease (DFD) | Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) | Diabetic Foot Infection (DFI) | Diabetic Gangrene (DG) | Diabetes-Related Lower Extremity Amputation (DLEA) |
Other Diabetes-Related Foot Disease (Other DFD) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 25,175) | Yes (n = 3035) | No (n = 26,707) | Yes (n = 1503) |
No (n = 26,762) | Yes (n = 1448) |
No (n = 28,087) | Yes (n = 123) |
No (n = 27,998) | Yes (n = 222) | No (n = 27,021) | Yes (n = 1189) | |
| Age a | ||||||||||||
| 45–54 years | 3781 (15.0%) | 201 (6.6%) | 3892 (14.6%) | 90 (6.0%) | 3867 (14.5%) | 115 (7.9%) | 3973 (14.2%) | 9 (7.3%) | 3963 (14.2%) | 19 (8.6%) | 3910 (14.5%) | 72 (6.1%) |
| 55–64 years | 7411 (29.4%) | 581 (19.1%) | 7735 (29.0%) | 257 (17.1%) | 7671 (28.7%) | 321 (22.2%) | 7964 (28.4%) | 28 (22.8%) | 7932 (28.3%) | 60 (27.0%) | 7759 (28.7%) | 233 (19.6%) |
| 65–74 years | 7709 (30.6%) | 862 (28.4%) | 8200 (30.7%) | 371 (24.7%) | 8171 (30.5%) | 400 (27.6%) | 8538 (30.4%) | 33 (26.8%) | 8514 (30.4%) | 57 (25.7%) | 8197 (30.3%) | 374 (31.5%) |
| 75+ years | 6271 (24.9%) | 1391 (45.8%) | 6877 (25.8%) | 785 (52.2%) | 7050 (26.4%) | 612 (42.3%) | 7609 (27.1%) | 53 (43.1%) | 7576 (27.1%) | 86 (38.7%) | 7152 (26.5%) | 510 (42.9%) |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 13,980 (55.5%) | 1918 (63.2%) | 14,953 (56.0%) | 945 (62.9%) | 15,006 (56.1%) | 892 (61.6%) | 15,800 (56.3%) | 98 (79.7%) | 15,735 (56.2%) | 163 (73.4%) | 15,090 (55.9%) | 808 (68.0%) |
| Female | 11,195 (44.5%) | 1117 (36.8%) | 11,754 (44.0%) | 558 (37.1%) | 11,756 (43.9%) | 556 (38.4%) | 12,287 (43.8%) | 25 (20.3%) | 12,253 (43.8%) | 59 (26.6%) | 11,931 (44.2%) | 381 (32.0%) |
| Current Marital status b | ||||||||||||
| Single | 1577 (6.3%) | 229 (7.6%) | 1672 (6.3%) | 134 (9.0%) | 1669 (6.3%) | 137 (9.5%) | 1793 (6.4%) | 13 (10.7%) | 1785 (6.4%) | 21 (9.6%) | 1732 (6.5%) | 74 (6.3%) |
| Married/defacto | 17,750 (71.0%) | 1814 (60.3%) | 18,715 (70.6%) | 849 (56.9%) | 18,738 (70.6%) | 826 (57.4%) | 19,489 (69.9%) | 75 (62.0%) | 19,435 (70.0%) | 129 (58.6%) | 18,811 (70.1%) | 753 (64.0%) |
| Widowed | 3069 (12.3%) | 608 (20.2%) | 3345 (12.6%) | 332 (22.3%) | 3373 (12.7%) | 304 (21.1%) | 3657 (13.1%) | 20 (16.5%) | 3641 (13.1%) | 36 (16.4%) | 3469 (12.9%) | 208 (17.7%) |
| Divorced/separated | 2595 (10.4%) | 358 (11.9%) | 2776 (10.5%) | 177 (11.9%) | 2781 (10.5%) | 172 (12.0%) | 2940 (10.6%) | 13 (10.7%) | 2919 (10.5%) | 34 (15.5%) | 2812 (10.5%) | 141 (12.0%) |
| Remoteness a,+ | ||||||||||||
| Major Cities | 11,478 (45.6%) | 1435 (47.3%) | 12,173 (45.6%) | 740 (49.2%) | 12,255 (45.8%) | 658 (45.4%) | 12,854 (45.8%) | 59 (48.0%) | 12,813 (45.8%) | 100 (45.1%) | 12,362 (45.8%) | 551(46.3%) |
| Regional | 13,138 (52.2%) | 1521 (50.1%) | 13,937 (52.2%) | 722 (48.0%) | 13,915 (52.0%) | 744 (51.4%) | 14,603 (52.0%) | 56 (45.5%) | 14,545 (52.0%) | 114 (51.4%) | 14,043 (52.0%) | 616 (51.8%) |
| Remote/Very Remote | 558 (2.2%) | 79 (2.6%) | 596 (2.2%) | 41 (2.7%) | 591 (2.2%) | 46 (3.2%) | 629 (2.2%) | 8 (6.5%) | 629 (2.3%) | 8 (3.6%) | 615 (2.2%) | 22 (1.9%) |
| Born in Australia b | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 17,957 (72.4%) | 2254 (75.6%) | 19,083 (72.5%) | 1128 (76.3%) | 19,110 (72.5%) | 1101 (77.2%) | 20,120 (72.7%) | 91 (75.8%) | 20,030 (72.7%) | 181 (82.7%) | 19,341 (72.6%) | 870 (74.6%) |
| No | 6853 (27.6%) | 727 (24.4%) | 7229 (27.5%) | 351 (23.7%) | 7255 (27.5%) | 325 (22.8%) | 7551 (27.3%) | 29 (24.2%) | 7542 (27.4%) | 38 (17.4%) | 7283 (27.4%) | 297 (25.5%) |
| Language spoken other than English | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 3394 (13.5%) | 319 (10.5%) | 3561 (13.3%) | 152 (10.1%) | 3561 (13.3%) | 152 (10.5%) | 3698 (13.2%) | 15 (12.2%) | 3692 (13.2%) | 21 (9.5%) | 3588 (13.3%) | 125 (10.5%) |
| No | 21,781 (86.5%) | 2716 (89.5%) | 23,146 (86.7%) | 1351 (89.9%) | 23,201 (86.7%) | 1296 (89.5%) | 24,389 (86.8%) | 108 (87.8%) | 24,296 (86.8%) | 201 (90.5%) | 23,433 (86.7%) | 1064 (89.5%) |
| Education b | ||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 10,570 (43.0%) | 1456 (49.8%) | 11,290 (43.4%) | 736 (51.1%) | 11,299 (43.3%) | 727 (52.1%) | 11,966 (43.7%) | 60 (51.7%) | 11,913 (43.7%) | 113 (52.3%) | 11,487 (43.6%) | 539 (46.9%) |
| High school certificate/Trade | 5677 (23.1%) | 696 (23.8%) | 6013 (23.1%) | 360 (25.0%) | 6077 (23.3%) | 296 (21.2%) | 6345 (23.2%) | 28 (24.1%) | 6317 (23.2%) | 56 (25.9%) | 6057 (23.0%) | 316 (27.5%) |
| Certificate/diploma | 4351 (17.7%) | 452 (15.5%) | 4601 (17.7%) | 202 (14.0%) | 4581 (17.6%) | 222 (15.9%) | 4785 (17.5%) | 18 (15.5%) | 4775 (17.5%) | 28 (13.0%) | 4624 (17.6%) | 179 (15.6%) |
| University degree or higher | 3963 (16.1%) | 322 (11.0%) | 4142 (15.9%) | 143 (9.9%) | 4135 (15.9%) | 150 (10.8%) | 4275 (15.6%) | 10 (8.6%) | 4266 (15.6%) | 19 (8.8%) | 4170 (15.8%) | 115 (10.0%) |
| SEIFA (IRSD) ^,a | ||||||||||||
| quantile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 5101 (20.3%) | 621 (20.5%) | 5415 (20.3%) | 307 (20.4%) | 5396 (20.2%) | 326 (22.5%) | 5695 (20.3%) | 27 (22.0%) | 5670 (20.3%) | 52 (23.4%) | 5505 (20.4%) | 217 (18.3%) |
| quantile 2 | 5229 (20.8%) | 643 (21.2%) | 5551 (20.8%) | 321 (21.4%) | 5572 (20.8%) | 300 (20.7%) | 5846 (20.8%) | 26 (21.1%) | 5833 (20.8%) | 39 (17.6%) | 5614 (20.8%) | 258 (21.7%) |
| quantile 3 | 5330 (21.2%) | 645 (21.3%) | 5651 (21.2%) | 324 (21.6%) | 5667 (21.2%) | 308 (21.3%) | 5953 (21.2%) | 22 (17.9%) | 5918 (21.2%) | 57 (25.7%) | 5692 (21.1%) | 283 (23.8%) |
| quantile 4 | 4524 (18.0%) | 515 (17.0%) | 4796 (18.0%) | 243 (16.2%) | 4812 (18.0%) | 227 (15.7%) | 5019 (17.9%) | 20 (16.3%) | 5000 (17.9%) | 39 (17.6%) | 4837 (17.9%) | 202 (17.0%) |
| quantile 5 (most disadvantaged) | 4988 (19.8%) | 611 (20.1%) | 5291 (19.8%) | 308 (20.5%) | 5312 (19.9%) | 287 (19.8%) | 5571 (19.8%) | 28 (22.8%) | 5564 (19.9%) | 35 (15.8%) | 5370 (19.9%) | 229 (19.3%) |
| Annual Household income (in AUD) c | ||||||||||||
| <20 K | 7756 (33.0%) | 1239 (45.9%) | 8374 (33.6%) | 621 (46.5%) | 8389 (33.6%) | 606 (47.3%) | 8941 (34.2%) | 54 (46.6%) | 8900 (34.2%) | 95 (49.2%) | 8523 (33.8%) | 472 (45.5%) |
| 20 K–<50 K | 6264 (26.6%) | 639 (23.7%) | 6589 (26.5%) | 314 (23.5%) | 6616 (26.5%) | 287 (22.4%) | 6870 (26.3%) | 33 (28.5%) | 6861 (26.4%) | 42 (21.8%) | 6640 (26.4%) | 263 (25.3%) |
| >50 K | 5067 (21.5%) | 304 (11.3%) | 5235 (21.0%) | 136 (10.2%) | 5216 (20.9%) | 155 (12.1%) | 5364 (20.5%) | 7 (6.0%) | 5355 (20.6%) | 16 (8.3%) | 5272 (20.9%) | 99 (9.5%) |
| did not disclose | 4445 (18.9%) | 515 (19.1%) | 4696 (18.9%) | 264 (19.8%) | 4727 (19.0%) | 233 (18.2%) | 4938 (18.9%) | 22 (19.0%) | 4920 (18.9%) | 40 (20.7%) | 4756 (18.9%) | 204 (19.7%) |
| Work Status^^,b | ||||||||||||
| Paid | 7585 (30.6%) | 380 (12.8%) | 7825 (29.7%) | 140 (9.6%) | 7762 (29.4%) | 203 (14.3%) | 7950 (28.7%) | 15 (12.5%) | 7937 (28.8%) | 28 (13.0%) | 7823 (29.4%) | 142 (12.1%) |
| Retired | 13,529 (54.5%) | 2075 (70.0%) | 14,528 (55.2%) | 1076 (73.5%) | 14,656 (55.6%) | 948 (67.0%) | 15,527 (56.1%) | 77 (64.2%) | 15,464 (56.1%) | 140 (65.1%) | 14,775 (55.5%) | 829 (70.8%) |
| Other | 3707 (14.9%) | 511 (17.2%) | 3969 (15.1%) | 249 (17.0%) | 3953 (15.0%) | 265 (18.7%) | 4190 (15.1%) | 28 (23.3%) | 4171 (15.1%) | 47 (21.9%) | 4018 (15.1%) | 200 (17.1%) |
| Private Health insurance | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 13,179 (52.4%) | 1262 (41.6%) | 13,841 (51.8%) | 600 (39.9%) | 13,878 (51.9%) | 563 (38.9%) | 14,397 (51.3%) | 44 (35.8%) | 14,373 (51.4%) | 68 (30.6%) | 13,959 (51.7%) | 482 (40.5%) |
| No (without DVA and Concession card) ^^^ | 3866 (15.4%) | 453 (14.9%) | 4102 (15.4%) | 217 (14.4%) | 4076 (15.2%) | 243 (16.8%) | 4296 (15.3%) | 23 (18.7%) | 4286 (15.3%) | 33 (14.9%) | 4148 (15.4%) | 171 (14.4%) |
| No (with DVA/concession card) | 8130 (32.3%) | 1320 (43.5%) | 8764 (32.8%) | 686 (45.6%) | 8808 (32.9%) | 642 (44.3%) | 9394 (33.5%) | 56 (45.5%) | 9329 (33.3%) | 121 (54.5%) | 8914 (33.0%) | 536 (45.1%) |
| Ever being a regular smoker a | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 12,188 (48.4%) | 1714 (56.6%) | 13,063 (48.9%) | 839 (55.9%) | 13,111 (49.0%) | 791 (54.8%) | 13,830 (49.3%) | 72 (58.5%) | 13,778 (49.3%) | 124 (56.1%) | 13,165 (48.8%) | 737 (62.0%) |
| No | 12,976 (51.6%) | 1317 (43.5%) | 13,632 (51.1%) | 661 (44.1%) | 13,640 (51.0%) | 653 (45.2%) | 14,242 (50.7%) | 51 (41.5%) | 14,196 (50.8%) | 97 (43.9%) | 13,841 (51.3%) | 452 (38.0%) |
| Alcohol consumption b | ||||||||||||
| < = 14 drinks per week | 21,507 (88.6%) | 2590 (89.0%) | 22,813 (88.6%) | 1284 (89.0%) | 22,867 (88.7%) | 1230 (88.7%) | 23,996 (88.7%) | 101 (84.9%) | 23,912 (88.7%) | 185 (86.1%) | 23,101 (88.7%) | 996 (87.7%) |
| >14 drinks per week | 2762 (11.4%) | 320 (11.0%) | 2923 (11.4%) | 159 (11.0%) | 2926 (11.3%) | 156 (11.3%) | 3064 (11.3%) | 18 (15.1%) | 3052 (11.3%) | 30 (14.0%) | 2942 (11.3%) | 140 (12.3%) |
| Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (minutes) | ||||||||||||
| <150 min | 8684 (34.5%) | 1581 (52.1%) | 9418 (35.3%) | 847 (56.4%) | 9524 (35.6%) | 741 (51.2%) | 10,198 (36.3%) | 67 (54.5%) | 10,146 (36.3%) | 119 (53.6%) | 9631 (35.6%) | 634 (53.3%) |
| 150–300 min | 3866 (15.4%) | 393 (13.0%) | 4070 (15.2%) | 189 (12.6%) | 4074 (15.2%) | 185 (12.8%) | 4238 (15.1%) | 21 (17.1%) | 4232 (15.1%) | 27 (12.2%) | 4095 (15.2%) | 164 (13.8%) |
| >300 min | 12,625 (50.2%) | 1061 (35.0%) | 13,219 (49.5%) | 467 (31.1%) | 13,164 (49.2%) | 522 (36.1%) | 13,651 (48.6%) | 35 (28.5%) | 13,610 (48.6%) | 76 (34.2%) | 13,295 (49.2%) | 391 (32.9%) |
| Vegetables intake b | ||||||||||||
| <5 serves per day | 16,079 (65.3%) | 1953 (67.2%) | 17,064 (65.4%) | 968 (67.6%) | 17,121 (65.5%) | 911 (66.1%) | 17,944 (65.5%) | 88 (72.7%) | 17,896 (65.5%) | 136 (65.4%) | 17,265 (65.4%) | 767 (67.1%) |
| 5 or more serves per day | 8541 (34.7%) | 954 (32.8%) | 9030 (34.6%) | 465 (32.5%) | 9027 (34.5%) | 468 (33.9%) | 9462 (34.5%) | 33 (27.3%) | 9423 (34.5%) | 72 (34.6%) | 9119 (34.6%) | 376 (32.9%) |
| Fruit intake b | ||||||||||||
| <2 serves per day | 9842 (39.6%) | 1248 (41.7%) | 10,467 (39.7%) | 623 (42.0%) | 10,504 (39.8%) | 586 (41.3%) | 11,033 (39.8%) | 57 (47.5%) | 10,991 (39.8%) | 99 (45.8%) | 10,606 (39.8%) | 484 (41.3%) |
| 2 or more serves per day | 14,993 (60.4%) | 1742 (58.3%) | 15,876 (60.3%) | 859 (58.0%) | 15,902 (60.2%) | 833 (58.7%) | 16,672 (60.2%) | 63 (52.5%) | 16,618 (60.2%) | 117 (54.2%) | 16,048 (60.2%) | 687 (58.7%) |
| Types of diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Type 1 | 826 (3.3%) | 157 (5.2%) | 906 (3.4%) | 77 (5.1%) | 910 (3.4%) | 73 (5.0%) | 971 (3.5%) | 12 (9.8%) | 964 (3.4%) | 19 (8.6%) | 909 (3.4%) | 74 (6.2%) |
| Type 2 | 24,349 (96.7%) | 2878 (94.8%) | 25,801 (96.6%) | 1426 (94.9%) | 25,852 (96.6%) | 1375 (95.0%) | 27,116 (96.5%) | 111 (90.2%) | 27,024 (96.6%) | 203 (91.4%) | 26,112 (96.6%) | 1115 (93.8%) |
| Duration of diabetes c | ||||||||||||
| <5 years | 6626 (34.9%) | 432 (20.3%) | 6874 (34.2%) | 184 (17.9%) | 6823 (33.9%) | 235 (23.4%) | 7043 (33.5%) | 15 (17.1%) | 7040 (33.5%) | 18 (11.5%) | 6934 (34.2%) | 124 (14.1%) |
| 5 to <10 years | 5020 (26.4%) | 464 (21.8%) | 5274 (26.2%) | 210 (20.5%) | 5276 (26.2%) | 208 (20.7%) | 5470 (26.0%) | 14 (15.9%) | 5456 (26.0%) | 28 (17.8%) | 5309 (26.2%) | 175 (19.9%) |
| 10 to <15 years | 3381 (17.8%) | 430 (20.2%) | 3610 (17.9%) | 201 (19.6%) | 3611 (17.9%) | 200 (19.9%) | 3794 (18.0%) | 17 (19.3%) | 3782 (18.0%) | 29 (18.5%) | 3624 (17.9%) | 187 (21.2%) |
| 15 years or more | 3988 (21.0%) | 803 (37.7%) | 4360 (21.7%) | 431 (42.0%) | 4429 (22.0%) | 362 (36.0%) | 4749 (22.6%) | 42 (47.7%) | 4709 (22.4%) | 82 (52.2%) | 4396 (21.7%) | 395 (44.8%) |
| BMI classification b | ||||||||||||
| <25 | 175 (0.7%) | 41 (1.4%) | 188 (0.7%) | 28 (1.9%) | 200 (0.8%) | 16 (1.1%) | 215 (0.8%) | - | 213 (0.8%) | - | 202 (0.8%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| 25 to <30 | 4757 (19.2%) | 582 (19.6%) | 5013 (19.1%) | 326 (22.2%) | 5110 (19.4%) | 229 (16.2%) | 5303 (19.2%) | 36 (29.5%) | 5300 (19.2%) | 39 (18.0%) | 5124 (19.3%) | 215 (18.2%) |
| 30 to <35 | 8612 (34.7%) | 946 (31.9%) | 9129 (34.7%) | 429 (29.3%) | 9153 (34.7%) | 405 (28.7%) | 9524 (34.4%) | 34 (27.9%) | 9486 (34.4%) | 72 (33.2%) | 9148 (34.4%) | 410 (34.7%) |
| 35 or more | 11,269 (45.4%) | 1401 (47.2%) | 11,987 (45.6%) | 683 (46.6%) | 11,908 (45.2%) | 762 (54.0%) | 12,619 (45.6%) | 51 (41.8%) | 12,567 (45.6%) | 103 (47.5%) | 12,128 (45.6%) | 542 (45.9%) |
| High Blood Pressure | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 13,699 (54.4%) | 1708 (56.3%) | 14,596 (54.7%) | 811 (54.0%) | 14,599 (54.6%) | 808 (55.8%) | 15,345 (54.6%) | 62 (50.4%) | 15,272 (54.6%) | 135 (60.8%) | 14,700 (54.4%) | 707 (59.5%) |
| No | 11,476 (45.6%) | 1327 (43.7%) | 12,111 (45.4%) | 692 (46.0%) | 12,163 (45.5%) | 640 (44.2%) | 12,742 (45.4%) | 61 (49.6%) | 12,716 (45.4%) | 87 (39.2%) | 12,321 (45.6%) | 482 (40.5%) |
| High Blood Cholesterol ⸶ | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 7623 (30.3%) | 823 (27.1%) | 8063 (30.2%) | 383 (25.5%) | 8065 (30.1%) | 381 (26.3%) | 8418 (30.0%) | 28 (22.8%) | 8390 (30.0%) | 56 (25.2%) | 8087 (29.9%) | 359 (30.2%) |
| No | 17,552 (69.7%) | 2212 (72.9%) | 18,644 (69.8%) | 1120 (74.5%) | 18,697 (69.9%) | 1067 (73.7%) | 19,669 (70.0%) | 95 (77.2%) | 19,598 (70.0%) | 166 (74.8%) | 18,934 (70.1%) | 830 (69.8%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 12,939 (51.4%) | 2055 (67.7%) | 13,990 (52.4%) | 1004 (66.8%) | 14,037 (52.5%) | 957 (66.1%) | 14,914 (53.1%) | 80 (65.0%) | 14,840 (53.0%) | 154 (69.4%) | 14,121 (52.3%) | 873 (73.4%) |
| No | 12,236 (48.6%) | 980 (32.3%) | 12,717 (47.6%) | 499 (33.2%) | 12,725 (47.6%) | 491 (33.9%) | 13,173 (46.9%) | 43 (35.0%) | 13,148 (47.0%) | 68 (30.6%) | 12,900 (47.7%) | 316 (26.6%) |
| Stroke | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1928 (7.7%) | 385 (12.7%) | 2115 (7.9%) | 198 (13.2%) | 2136 (8.0%) | 177 (12.2%) | 2298 (8.2%) | 15 (12.2%) | 2283 (8.2%) | 30 (13.5%) | 2159 (8.0%) | 154 (13.0%) |
| No | 23,247 (92.3%) | 2650 (87.3%) | 24,592 (92.1%) | 1305 (86.8%) | 24,626 (92.0%) | 1271 (87.8%) | 25,789 (91.8%) | 108 (87.8%) | 25,705 (91.8%) | 192 (86.5%) | 24,862 (92.0%) | 1035 (87.1%) |
| Asthma | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 3332 (13.2%) | 467 (15.4%) | 3590 (13.4%) | 209 (13.9%) | 3529 (13.2%) | 270 (18.7%) | 3781 (13.5%) | 18 (14.6%) | 3774 (13.5%) | 25 (11.3%) | 3643 (13.5%) | 156 (13.1%) |
| No | 21,843 (86.8%) | 2568 (84.6%) | 23,117 (86.6%) | 1294 (86.1%) | 23,233 (86.8%) | 1178 (81.4%) | 24,306 (86.5%) | 105 (85.4%) | 24,214 (86.5%) | 197 (88.7%) | 23,378 (86.5%) | 1033 (86.9%) |
| Psychological distress §,c | ||||||||||||
| Low | 14,799 (70.8%) | 1504 (63.2%) | 15,570 (70.4%) | 733 (63.5%) | 15,594 (70.4%) | 709 (61.8%) | 16,255 (70.1%) | 48 (48.0%) | 16,199 (70.1%) | 104 (59.8%) | 15,741 (70.4%) | 562 (59.8%) |
| Moderate | 3735 (17.9%) | 505 (21.2%) | 3986 (18.0%) | 254 (22.0%) | 3980 (18.0%) | 260 (22.7%) | 4205 (18.1%) | 35 (35.0%) | 4193 (18.1%) | 47 (27.0%) | 4035 (18.1%) | 205 (21.8%) |
| High/very high | 2371 (11.3%) | 372 (15.6%) | 2575 (11.6%) | 168 (14.6%) | 2564 (11.6%) | 179 (15.6%) | 2726 (11.8%) | 17 (17.0%) | 2720 (11.8%) | 23 (13.2%) | 2570 (11.5%) | 173 (18.4%) |
Notes: - small cell. a Less than 1% missing values for age, marital status, remoteness, SEIFA, and ever being a smoker. b Less than 4% missing values for born in Australia, work status, fruit intake, vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and BMI. c Annual household income has 25% missing values, including “did not disclose”. Duration of diabetes has 25% missing values, whereas the missing value for psychological stress is 17.5%. + Remoteness of residence is derived from the Accessibility-Remoteness Index of Australia scores from 2006 (Australian Government Department of Health). These scores were calculated based upon distance by road to the nearest population centre where services can be obtained. The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses this score to classify different regions into major cities, inner regional, outer regional, remote, and very remote. ^ Socioeconomic status was assessed by index of relative socioeconomic disadvantage (IRSD), which is one of indices of the Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) (Australian Bureau of Statistics). ^^ “Other” category in work status included individuals who were sick, disabled, students, or unemployed. ^^^ DVA denotes Department of Veterans’ Affairs. DVA or concession card holders may receive higher discounted health services and medication. ⸶ Participants were asked, “In the last month have you been treated for high blood cholesterol?” § Psychological distress is categorised according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics classification. The Kessler-10 (K10) scale was used to categorise psychological distress into three groups: “low (10–15)”, “moderate (16–21)”, and “high/very high (22–50)”.