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. 2021 Nov 8;13(21):5583. doi: 10.3390/cancers13215583

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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General depiction of the main molecular alterations and functional hallmarks involved in the development of preneoplastic (foci) and neoplastic (adenomas and carcinomas) lesions in widely-applied chemically induced models in rats. Strain-related and protocol-related variations should be considered. At late stages, molecular alterations are usually screened in a pool of neoplastic alterations, not considering if they are benign or malignant. 2-AAF: 2-acetylaminefluorene; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; PH: partial hepatectomy; TAA: thioacetamide. The figure was composed with the aid of illustrations from the SMART-servier Medical Art available at https://smart.servier.com/ (accessed on 15 January 2021).