Table 5.

Summary of some of the genetically-engineered models established in mice.

Model	Genetic Modification	Timepoints and Incidence of Lesions	References
HBV-transgenic	HBx gene	-Carcinomas: 0% at weeks 16 and 24, 50% at 44–52 weeks, 75% at 60–72 weeks	[195]
		-Adenomas: 8.3% at week 24, 57% at week 44, 12% at week 60 -Carcinomas: 8.3% at week 24, 14% at week 44, 76% at week 60	[196]
	HBx, HBsAg, and pre-S gene	-Carcinomas: 100% at week 80	[199]
		-Preneoplastic foci: 25% at weeks 24–28; ~71% at weeks 36–48; ~83% at weeks 52–80; ~57% at weeks 92–136 -Adenomas: 0% at weeks 24–28; 37.5% at weeks 36–48; ~46% at weeks 52–80; ~75% at weeks 92–136 -Carcinomas: 0% at weeks 24–28; 12.5% at weeks 36–48; ~33% at weeks 52–80; ~25% at weeks 92–136	[200]
	pre-S/S gene (rtA181T/sW172mutation)	-Carcinomas: 8.3% at week 72 (HBsAg low), 23.1% at week 72 (HBsAg high)	[201]
HCV-transgenic	Core gene	-Carcinomas: 25.9–30.8% at week 64	[202]
c-myc transgenic	cnsfo-myc overexpression	-Preneoplastic foci: 50–83% at weeks 48–56; 80–100% at weeks 72–80 -Adenomas: 40–66% at weeks 48–56; 30–100% at weeks 72–80 -Carcinomas: 0–37% at weeks 48–56; 10–65% at weeks 72–80	[203]
		-Adenomas: 0% at week 24; 20% at week 32; 33% at week 40; ~50 to 90% at weeks 48–64 -Carcinomas: 0% at week 32; 8% at week 40; ~30 to 60% to weeks 48–64	[204]
		-Carcinomas: 0% at week 36; ~10% at week 40; 25 to 50% at week 48; 50% at week 48	[205]
c-myc/TGF-α transgenic	Double c-myc/TGF-α overexpression	-Carcinomas: ~25% at week 12; 50–75% at week 24; ~100% at weeks 32–36
		-Preneoplastic foci: 40–100% at weeks 32–40 -Adenomas: 40–100% at weeks 32–40 -Carcinomas: 30–100% at weeks 32–40	[203]
E2F-1 transgenic	E2F-1 overexpression	-Preneoplastic foci: 91% at weeks 32–40; 100% at weeks 40–48 -Adenomas: 73% at weeks 32–40; 100% at weeks 40–48 -Carcinomas: 33% at weeks 32–40; 0% at weeks 40–48	[206]
c-myc/E2F-1 transgenic	Double c-myc/E2F-1 overexpression	-Carcinomas: ~25% at week 24; 100% at week 32	[205]
Apc knockout	Apc deletion	-Carcinomas: 67% at week 32	[207]
β-catenin/H-ras mutant	Double Catnb/Hras overexpression	-Carcinomas: 100% at week 24	[208]
cMyc + shp53 mice	c-myc overexpression, p53 downregulation	-Adenomas + Carcinomas: 38% at week 15	[209]

HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; TGF-α: transforming-growth factor-α.