Table 6.

Summary of some of the HTV protocols for hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.

Genes	Plasmids	Strain	Timepoints and/or Lesions	References
NRasV12 and myr-AKT	7.5 μg of myr-AKT1; 7.5 μg N-RasV12; SB transposase (25:1)	C57BL/6	HCC formation and progression after 2 to 4 weeks post-injection	[220]
c-Myc and β-catenin	10 μg pT3-EF1a-MYC; 10 μg pT3-N90-CTNNB1; 2.5 μg SB13-Luc transposase-encoding vector	C57BL/6	Poorly to moderately differentiated HCC with solid/trabecular pattern, and immunoexpression of CK19 and nuclear β-catenin	[221]
β-catenin and tert or pten	10 μg pT3-N90-CTNNB1; 10 μg pT3-EF1a-Tert or 10 μg pX330-Pten; 2.5 μg SB13-Luc transposase-encoding vector	C57BL/6	Well to moderately differentiated HCC with trabecular pattern, abundant clear cells, and immuno-expression of glutamine synthetase	[221]
c-Myc and axin1	10 μg pT3-EF1a-MYC; 10 μg pX330-Axin1; 2.5 μg SB13-Luc transposase-encoding vector	C57BL/6	Well to moderately differentiated HCCs with trabecular pattern	[221]
c-Myc and MCL1	10 μg pT3-EF1α-c-MYC-shLuc; 5 μg pT3-EF1α-Mcl1; SB transposase (25:1)	C57BL/6 FVB/N Balb/C	Liver tumor formation after 5 to 8 weeks post-injection	[222,223]
c-met and axin1	20 μg pT3-EF1α-c-Met; 40 μg pX330-Axin1.1; 0.8 μg pCVM/SB	FVB/N	HCC burden at 9 to 12 weeks post-injection showing membranous immunoexpression of E-Cadherin and absence of glutamine synthetase	[224]
c-Myc and myr-AKT	16–36 µg of mixed plasmids: pT3-EF1a-myrAKT-HA; pT3-EF1α-c-MYC; SB13 transposase-expression plasmid	C57BL/6J	Well to moderately differentiated HCC at 8 to 10 weeks post-injection showing trabecular or nest-like patterns	[225]
myr-AKT and/or Hras	16–43 µg of mixed plasmids: pT3-EF1a-myrAKT-HA; cDNA fragments of FLAG-HRASV12; SB13 transposase-expression plasmid	C57BL/6J	Akt or Hras: multiple HCC associated with lipid accumulation after 20–28 weeks post-injection Akt and Hras: HCC after 8 weeks post-injection with a higher proliferation rate	[226]
c-met and β-catenin	5 μg pT3-EF5a-hMet-V5; 5 μg pT3-EF5α-S33Y-β-catenin-Myc or 5 μg pT3-EF5α-S45Y-β-catenin-Myc; SB transposase (25:1)	FVB/N	Well-differentiated HCC by 6 to 9.5 weeks post-injection	[227,228,229]
myr-AKT and c-met	pT3-EF1α -HA-myr-AKT1; pT3-EF1α-V5-c-Met; SB transposase (25:1)	FVB/N	Lethal burden of HCC within 6 to 8 weeks post-injection showing admixture of clear, lipid-rich and lipid-poor, basophilic cells	[229]
myr-AKT and β-catenin	pT3-EF5-AKT; pT3-EF1α-ΔN90-β-catenin.	FVB/N C57BL/6	Progression to HCC only in vivo passage of steatotic tumor cells from hepatocellular adenomas	[228]