Table 4.

Parameters for the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition (PPVT-4) model.

PPVT-4 raw score model effects	Model 1
	Est	SE	p <
PPVT-4 model for the means
Intercept	69.529	14.025	.001
Linear age slope (0 = 10 years)	2.120	0.696	.002
Leiter IQ (0 = 52)	2.105	0.180	.001
Leiter IQ by linear	0.094	0.025	.001
Maternal commenting rate model for the means
Intercept (0 = 3.5)	0.804	0.171	.001
Linear age slope (0 = 12 years)	0.367	0.031	.001
PPVT-4 model for the variance
Random intercept variance	319.402	76.261	.001
Linear age slope variance	0.195	4.390	.965
Intercept–age slope covariance	6.914	7.641	.366
Residual variance	146.502	33.717	.001
Maternal commenting rate model for the variance
Random intercept variance	1.201	0.242	.001
Linear age slope variance	0.367	0.031	.001
Intercept–age slope covariance	−0.021	0.037	.577
Residual variance	0.867	0.115	.001
Cross-variable regressions
Commenting intercept to PPVT-4 intercept	2.691	2.832	.342
Commenting age slope to PPVT-4 age slope	−0.787	2.402	.743
Commenting intercept to PPVT-4 age slope	0.942	0.281	.001
Commenting slope to PPVT-4 intercept	18.408	38.795	.635
Within dyad
Commenting residual to PPVT-4 residual	0.239	1.107	.829
Total effect
Commenting intercept to PPVT-4 intercept	2.930	2.622	.264
Commenting age slope to PPVT-4 age slope	−0.548	1.785	.759

Note. This table contains the parameter estimates (Est) for each of the effects in the model, as well as the standard error (SE). The probability of each effect (p) is presented with significant values in bold. Leiter = Leiter International Performance Scale.