Table 2.

Select D&I theories, models, frameworks, tools, and resources.

Tool/Resource	Brief Description
Select D&I Theories, Models, and Frameworks (TMFs)
Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [55]	A widely used D&I framework that considers a range of implementation determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators). The CFIR comprises five major domains (the intervention, inner and outer settings, the individuals involved, and the implementation process). Within these domains, multiple constructs reflect determinants of implementation. For example, complexity and cost are constructs within the intervention characteristics domain; external policies are a construct in the outer setting domain; culture is a construct within the inner setting domain; planning and engaging are constructs within the process domain; and the characteristics of the individuals involved domain focuses on individual-level constructs such as self-efficacy and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about the intervention [55].
RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework [8,9]	A widely used D&I framework that includes five key dimensions: Adoption, Reach, Implementation, Effectiveness, and Maintenance. RE-AIM was designed to enhance the quality, efficiency, and public health impact of interventions. Cutting across all five of the RE-AIM implementation outcomes are equity concerns related to the representativeness of those who participate or benefit from evidence-based programs. The RE-AIM framework can be used for intervention planning, evaluation, and (iteratively) guiding adaptations to implementation strategies.
Practical, Robust, Implementation, and Sustainability Model (PRISM) [9,59,60].	An extension of the RE-AIM framework, PRISM considers key contextual factors that influence implementation at multiple socioecological levels. PRISM contextual factors include: the program characteristics from the perspective of organizational and individual recipients, the characteristics of diverse, multilevel recipients of the program, the implementation and sustainability infrastructure, and the external environment. PRISM may be used to guide researchers during the program planning, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination phases.
EPIS (Exploration, Planning, Implementation, Sustainment) framework [56,61]	The EPIS framework consists of four phases (Exploration, Planning, Implementation, Sustainment) that align with the implementation process, the identification of outer system and inner organizational contexts, and “bridging and innovation factors” that are concerned with the intervention being implemented and the interaction between outer and inner contexts.
Diffusion of innovations theory [31]	A widely used theory that seeks to explain the processes and factors influencing the spread and adoption of innovations through certain channels over time, considering components such as perceived characteristics of the innovation; innovativeness of the adopter; social system(s); individual adoption processes; and the diffusion system.
Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) [57]	A compilation of theories relevant to implementation that resulted from a systematic review of published D&I frameworks.
CDC Knowledge to Action (K2A) Framework for Public Health [58]	A framework that can be used to explore how evidence-based interventions are translated into effective (public health) programs and practices. The framework consists of three phases: research, translation, and institutionalization. Under each of the three phases are supporting structures and evaluation.
D&I Models in Health: www.dissemination-implementation.org (accessed on 13 October 2021)	A free interactive webtool for the selection of TMFs that can be used for study planning, combining and adapting TMFs, and selecting measurement tools to explore D&I constructs.
Examples/Select D&I Measures, Instruments, and Tools
Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM)	Measures by Weiner and colleagues [62] to assess intervention acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility (12 items, four for each construct).
The Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT): https://sustaintool.org/psat/	A reliable, 40-item instrument from Luke and colleagues [63] with eight domains (5 items per domain) that can be used to assess the capacity for the sustainability of public health programs.
The EPIS framework website: https://episframework.com/measures (accessed on 13 October 2021)	Provides examples of and free access to webinars and other quantitative measures that assess constructs for inner (such as individual program adopter characteristics) and outer (such as sociopolitical and economic contexts that influence the process of implementation) contexts [56,61].
The Society for Implementation Research Collaboration Instrument Review Project: https://societyforimplementationresearchcollaboration.org/sirc-instrument-project (accessed on 13 October 2021)	Provides an overview of measures for both implementation outcomes and multilevel contextual domains. This resource requires a membership for access.
The National Cancer Institute, Grid-Enabled Measures Database (GEM): https://www.gem-measures.org/Public/Home.aspx (accessed on 13 October 2021)	Houses tools to enhance the quality and harmonization of measures for D&I [64].
The CFIR website: cfirguide.org (accessed on 13 October 2021)	Provides free access to data collection tools based on CFIR constructs [55].
The RE-AIM and PRISM frameworks website: https://www.re-aim.org (accessed on 13 October 2021)	Provides free templates of focus group and one-on-one interview guides for assessing RE-AIM constructs [8,9] before, during, and after program implementation. The website also includes videos, interactive tools, and presentations on PRISM/RE-AIM.