Table 3.

Summary of Rnd protein functions in neuronal development

Rnd	Cell types	Functions	References
Rnd1	PC12 cells in culture	stimulation of neurite outgrowth through inhibition of RhoA signalling	[45,46,48]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	promotion of axon formation	[56]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	growth cone collapse through Rnd1-PlexinB1 interaction	[59] and [57]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	stimulation of dendritic growth and branching	[64]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	promotion of spine formation and elongation	[66]
Rnd2	Cortical neurons in vivo	promotion of migration, by regulating multipolar-to-bipolar transition in the intermediate zone, partially through RhoA inhibition	[32–34]
	PC12 cells in culture	inhibition of neurite outgrowth through Pragmin	[50]
	PC12 cells in culture	stimulation of neurite branching through Rapostlin	[51]
	Cortical neurons in vivo	inhibition of neurite outgrowth	[8,33]
	Cortical neurons in culture	inhibition of axon outgrowth through Rnd2-PlexinD1 interaction	[62]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	promotion of spine formation	[53]
Rnd3	NSCs in embryonic cerebral cortex in vivo	control of interkinetic nuclear migration; orientation of cleavage plane orientation and maintenance of adherens junction by inhibiting actin polymerization	[27]
	Basal progenitors in embryonic cerebral cortex in vivo	inhibition of proliferation through suppression of cyclinD1	[27]
	NSCs in postnatal SVZ in vivo	inhibition of proliferation through regulation of Notch signalling	[28,30]
	Cortical neurons in vivo	promotion of migration, by regulating locomotion and nucleus-centrosome coupling in the cortical plate, through RhoA inhibition	[8,35]
	Neuroblasts in rostral migratory stream in vivo	promotion of migration of neuroblasts from SVZ to olfactory bulb	[28]
	Retinal interneurons in vivo	promotion of correct positioning of ON/OFF starbust amacrine cells	[42]
	PC12 cells in culture	stimulation of neurite outgrowth through inhibition of RhoA signalling	[47]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	stimulation of neurite outgrowth through inhibition of RhoA signalling	[49]
	Cortical neurons in vivo	inhibition of neurite outgrowth	[8]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	promotion of axon outgrowth	[49]
	Hippocampal neurons in culture	promotion of spine formation through inhibtion of RhoA signalling	[67]