Table 2 |.

Identified SNP-metabolite associations, whether they have been previously reported, and potential contributors to identification

Distinct variant-metabolite association	Index SNP	Associated metabolite	Novel association?	Novel metabolite?	Metabolite negatively associated with GFR?	Metabolite-SNP association stronger with lower GFR?	Coded allele frequency at least 50% higher in AASK than in the European population?
1a	rs4507958	10-Undecenoate (11:1n1)	No (Long et al.,17 Shin et al.,18 Suhre et al.19)	No (Long et al.,17 Shin et al.,18 Suhre et al.19)	No	No	Yes
2a	rs324418	N-Palmitoylglycine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	No	No	No
3	rs79319225	3-Methyladipate	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
4a	rs7528838	alpha-Hydroxyisovalerate	No (Shin et al.18)	No (Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.,18 Long et al.17)	Yes	Yes (P = 0.02)	Yes
5a	rs7528838	2-Hydroxy-3-methylvalerate	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	Yes (P = 0.006)	Yes
6a	rs7587577	N-Acetylasparagine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
7a	rs7587577	N-Acetyl-3-methylhistidine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
8a	rs11126412	N-Acetyl-1-methylhistidine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
9a	rs11126412	N-Acetylphenylalanine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Yu et al.,4 Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
10a	rs13431529	N2-Acetyllysine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
11a	rs13409366	N-Acetylcitrulline	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
12a	rs13409366	N-Acetylglutamine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
13	rs13409366	N-Acetylkynurenine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
14a	rs6546854	N-Acetylleucine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
15a	rs10168931	N-Acetylarginine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
16a	rs10206899	N-delta-Acetylornithine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Suhre et al.,19 Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.,18 Long et al.,17 Li et al.20)	Yes	No	Yes
17	rs951389793	Cysteinylglycine	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	No	Yes (P = 0.007)	Yes
18a	rs1976391	Biliverdin	No (Long et al.17, Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.18)	No (Long et al.,17 Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.18)	No	No	No
19a	rs4148325	Bilirubin (E,E)	No (Long et al.17, Yu et al.,4 Hong et al.,21 Krumsiek et al.,22 Suhre et al.19)	No (Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.,18 Long et al.,17 Hong et al.,21 Krumsiek et al.,22 Suhre et al.19)	No	No	Yes
20	rs62184450	Cysteinylglycine	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	No	Yes (P = 0.04)	Yes
21a	rs73835707	N-Acetylmethionine	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
22	rs73835707	N-Acetylmethionine sulfoxide	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
23a	rs2229152	N-Acetylalanine	No (Yu et al.32)	No (Yu et al.,4 Shin et al.,18 Yu et al.,32 Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
24	rs1973612	Histidylalanine	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
25a	rs344514	3-Aminoisobutyrate	No (Rhee et al.,23 Long et al.17)	No (Rhee et al.,23 Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
26	rs60132035	Sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0)	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	No	No	Yes
27a	rs7780766	N-Acetylhistidine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
28	rs139981949	Glycohyocholate	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
29	rs76541360	1-Arachidonoyl-GPI (20:4)	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	No	No	Yes
30a	rs59095288	6-Oxopiperidine-2-carboxylate	Yes	Yes	Yes, weak	No	Yes
31a	rs55758160	2′-O-Methyluridine	No (Yousri et al.33)	No (Yousri et al.33)	No	No	No
32a	rs57294583	2′-O-Methylcytidine	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
33a	rs142514677	N-Acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate	Yes	Yes	Yes, weak	No	Yes
34	rs150556827	N-Acetyl-aspartyl-giutamate	Yes	Yes	Yes, weak	No	Yes
35a	rs174564	1-Arachidonoyl-GPC (20:4n6)	No (Long et al.17)	No (Yet et al.,24 Long et al.17)	No	No	No
36a	rs115780269	N-Acetyltryptophan	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
37	rs115780269	N-Acetylkynurenine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
38a	rs115780269	N-Acetyltyrosine	Yes	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
39a	rs115780269	N-Acetylphenylalanine	No (Long et al.17)	No (Yu et al.,4 Long et al.17)	Yes	No	Yes
40a	rs114419265	Glycochenodeoxycholate glucuronide	No (Hong et al.21)	No (Hong et al.21)	No	No	Yes
41a	rs34708625	Ethylmalonate	No (Long et al.17)	No (Long et al.17)	Yes	No	No
42a	rs114080902	N-Formylanthranilic acid	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes

AASK, African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

^aHigher confidence of findings given previous literature or subsequent replication.

Details on the comparison of allele frequencies between AASK participants and the general population can be found in Supplementary Table S3. Details about the novelty of associations/metabolites can be found in Supplementary Table S4.