Table A3.
Mean PAFAS scores over time for families originating from Iran or Afghanistan by intervention or waitlist/control group. (Higher scores indicating lower levels of Parenting and Family Adjustment skills).
| PAFAS | Pre-Test Mean (SD) | Post-Test Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | Two-Way Mixed ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-Value; Partial η2 | Repeated Measures ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-Value; Partial η2 | Post-Hoc Tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARENTING | |||||||
| Parental Consistency [0–15] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 46) | 6.15 (1.61) |
5.52 (1.59) |
5.54 (1.43) |
F(2,136) = 0.333; p = 0.717; partial η2 = 0.005 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 6.38 (2.22) |
6.13 (2.23) |
5.88 (2.51) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 54) | 7.57 (2.33) |
7.07 (1.83) |
7.07 (2.68) |
F(2,156) = 0.148; p = 0.862; partial η2 = 0.002 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 26) | 7.85 (1.69) |
7.08 (1.47) |
7.04 (2.09) |
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| Coercive Parenting [0–15] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 45) | 7.27 (3.14) |
5.71 (3.06) |
5.31 (3.20) |
F(1.775,118.958) = 3.540; p = 0.037; partial η2 = 0.050 | F(1.611,70.904) = 10.729; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.196 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 5.79 (2.30) |
5.54 (3.06) |
5.58 (3.32) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 52) | 8.02 (2.95) |
6.87 (2.65) |
6.67 (2.85) |
F(1.878,142.756) = 1.525; p = 0.222; partial η2 = 0.020 | F(1.791,91.356) = 7.267; p = 0.002; partial η2 = 0.125 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 26) | 8.23 (2.82) |
7.42 (2.76) |
8.00 (2.70) |
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| Positive Encouragement [0–9] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 51) | 1.96 (1.55) |
1.57 (1.15) |
1.67 (1.53) |
F(2,144) = 1.534; p = 0.219; partial η2 = 0.021 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 23) | 1.57 (1.24) |
1.70 (1.22) |
1.70 (1.43) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 55) | 2.85 (1.95) | 2.55 (1.75) | 2.07 (1.67) | F(1.818,150.508) = 0.090; p = 0.903; partial η2 = 0.001 | F(1.855,100.165) = 4.926; p = 0.011; partial η2 = 0.084 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 27) | 3.41 (1.72) |
2.96 (1.81) |
2.44 (1.93) |
F(2,52) = 3.346; p = 0.043; partial η2 = 0.114 | |||
| Parent–child Relationship [0–15] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 48) | 2.31 (2.51) |
1.69 (2.30) |
1.92 (2.40) |
F(2,140) = 0.215; p = 0.807; partial η2 = 0.003 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 1.63 (1.66) |
1.21 (1.74) |
1.50 (1.98) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 51) | 2.59 (2.29) | 2.57 (2.23) | 1.98 (2.04) | F(2,154) = 6.206; p = 0.003; partial η2 = 0.075 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 28) | 4.96 (2.40) |
4.14 (2.40) |
2.39 (2.74) |
F(2,54) = 23.985; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.470 | ⦿■ | ||
| FAMILY ADJUSTMENT | |||||||
| Parental Adjustment [0–15] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 43) | 5.86 (2.70) |
4.65 (3.12) |
4.81 (2.85) |
F(1.900,119.715) = 1.187; p = 0.307; partial η2 = 0.018 | F(1.809,75.974) = 4.877; p = 0.012; partial η2 = 0.104 | ✱ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 22) | 5.09 (2.67) |
4.86 (2.70) |
4.32 (2.57) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 48) | 7.65 (3.04) |
6.94 (2.55) |
6.67 (3.10) |
F(2,142) = 1.753; p = 0.177; partial η2 = 0.024 | F(1.834,86.190) = 3.752; p = 0.031; partial η2 = 0.074 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 25) | 7.92 (2.33) |
8.44 (2.43) |
7.52 (2.54) |
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| Family relationships [0–12] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 48) | 3.73 (2.48) |
2.79 (2.51) |
2.63 (2.79) |
F(2,140) = 1.621; p = 0.201; partial η2 = 0.023 | F(2,94) = 10.293; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.180 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 2.88 (2.56) |
2.46 (2.13) |
2.54 (2.08) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 53) | 4.21 (2.76) |
4.00 (2.35) |
3.08 (2.64) |
F(2,158) = 2.235; p = 0.110; partial η2 = 0.028 | F(2,104) = 6.540; p = 0.002; partial η2 = 0.112 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 28) | 4.86 (2.34) |
4.14 (2.26) |
4.39 (2.86) |
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| Parental teamwork [0–9] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 47) | 3.00 (2.00) |
2.32 (2.27) |
2.49 (2.37) |
F(2,140) = 0.114; p = 0.892; partial η2 = 0.002 | F(2,92) = 5.144; p = 0.008; partial η2 = 0.101 | ✱ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 25) | 2.64 (2.48) |
2.08 (2.14) |
2.08 (1.87) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 51) | 3.22 (2.25) |
2.94 (2.22) |
2.43 (2.33) |
F(2,146) = 1.408; p = 0.248; partial η2 = 0.019 | F(2,100) = 3.259; p = 0.043; partial η2 = 0.061 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 3.17 (2.10) |
3.25 (1.94) |
3.29 (2.56) |
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Results for repeated measure ANOVAs and post-hoc tests only shown if significant; SD: standard deviation; ✱ significant difference between t1 and t2, ⦿ significant difference between t2 and t3, ■ significant difference between t1 and t3.