Table A5.
Mean SDQ scores over time for families originating from Iran or Afghanistan by intervention or waitlist/control group. (Higher scores indicating higher levels of difficulties on all subscales and the Total Difficulty Scale, except for the prosocial scale where higher scores indicate fewer difficulties in prosocial behaviour).
| SDQ | Pre-TestMean (SD) | Post-Test Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | Two-Way Mixed ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-Value; Partial η2 | Repeated Measures ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-Value; Partial η2 | Post-Hoc Tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional problem scale [0–10] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 50) | 3.48 (2.36) |
2.90 (2.38) |
2.60 (2.45) |
F(1.778,131.587) = 1.627; p = 0.203; partial η2 = 0.022 | F(1.800,88.177) = 6.155; p = 0.004; partial η2 = 0.112 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 26) | 2.46 (1.92) |
2.62 (2.08) |
2.19 (2.14) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 54) | 5.04 (2.15) |
5.02 (2.64) |
4.83 (2.78) |
F(2,162) = 0.997; p = 0.371; partial η2 = 0.012 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 29) | 5.45 (2.59) |
4.62 (1.72) |
4.86 (2.25) |
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| Conduct problem scale [0–10] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 60) | 2.52 (1.81) |
2.03 (1.71) |
2.13 (1.66) |
F(1.859,154.312) = 1.799; p = 0.171; partial η2 = 0.021 | F(2,118) = 3.877; p = 0.023; partial η2 = 0.062 | ✱ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 25) | 2.20 (1.55) |
2.24 (1.48) |
2.40 (1.80) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 54) | 3.33 (2.03) |
2.65 (1.81) |
2.46 (1.59) |
F(2,162) = 1.158; p = 0.317; partial η2 = 0.014 | F(2,106) = 9.920; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.158 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 29) | 3.21 (1.72) |
2.38 (1.45) |
1.83 (1.67) |
F(2,56) = 12.892; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.315 | ✱■ | ||
| Hyperactivity scale [0–10] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 61) | 3.72 (2.10) |
3.41 (2.21) |
3.31 (2.05) |
F(2,170) = 1.247; p = 0.290; partial η2 = 0.014 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 26) | 3.88 (2.23) |
3.88 (2.36) |
3.19 (1.88) |
F(2,50) = 3.729; p = 0.031; partial η2 = 0.130 | |||
| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 57) | 4.49 (2.32) |
3.98 (2.45) |
3.82 (2.33) |
F(2,168) = 1.736; p = 0.179; partial η2 = 0.020 | F(2,112) = 3.833; p = 0.031; partial η2 = 0.064 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 29) | 5.21 (2.30) |
4.34 (2.21) |
3.66 (2.27) |
F(2,56) = 5.880; p = 0.005; partial η2 = 0.174 | ■ | ||
| Peer problem scale [0–0] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 62) | 2.71 (1.61) |
2.60 (1.48) |
2.21 (1.57) |
F(2,166) = 1.146; p = 0.320; partial η2 = 0.014 | F(2,122) = 4.259; p = 0.016; partial η2 = 0.065 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 23) | 1.91 (1.53) |
2.09 (1.47) |
1.91 (1.08) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 58) | 3.40 (1.73) |
2.83 (1.87) |
2.66 (1.78) |
F(2,170) = 1.197; p = 0.564; partial η2 = 0.007 | F(2,114) = 4.081; p = 0.019; partial η2 = 0.067 | ■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 29) | 3.14 (1.73) |
3.00 (1.81) |
2.83 (2.02) |
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| Prosocial scale [0–10] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 62) | 7.63 (2.15) |
8.06 (1.73) |
7.89 (1.89) |
F(2,168) = 2.216; p = 0.112; partial η2 = 0.026 | ||
| Waitlist/Control (n = 24) | 8.42 (1.53) |
8.04 (1.71) |
8.21 (2.02) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 57) | 7.51 (1.83) |
7.61 (2.02) |
8.68 (1.35) |
F(2,168) = 0.245; p = 0.783; partial η2 = 0.003 | F(2,112) = 14.801; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.209 | ⦿■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 29) | 7.34 (2.16) |
7.14 (1.99) |
8.38 (1.80) |
F(2,56) = 5.168; p = 0.009; partial η2 = 0.156 | ⦿ | ||
| Total difficulty scale [0–40] | |||||||
| Iran | Intervention (n = 42) | 12.10 (5.37) |
10.60 (5.38) |
9.43 (5.71) |
F(1.876,116.301) = 2.939; p = 0.060; partial η2 = 0.045 | F(2,82) = 11.428; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.218 | ✱⦿■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 22) | 10.55 (5.67) |
10.86 (5.58) |
10.05 (5.23) |
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| Afghanistan | Intervention (n = 50) | 16.28 (6.00) |
14.54 (6.16) |
13.60 (6.52) |
F(2,146) = 0.237; p = 0.790; partial η2 = 0.003 | F(2,98) = 9.765; p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.166 | ✱■ |
| Waitlist/Control (n = 25) | 16.52 (4.82) |
14.36 (4.91) |
13.00 (5.70) |
F(2,48) = 4.262; p = 0.020; partial η2 = 0.151 | ■ | ||
Results for repeated measure ANOVAs and post-hoc tests only shown if significant; SD: standard deviation; ✱ significant difference between t1 and t2, ⦿ significant difference between t2 and t3, ■ significant difference between t1 and t3.