Figure 3.

Representation of AO-mediated splice modulation, including (A) exon skipping, (B) exon inclusion, and (C) intron retention. Specially, exon skipping can be used to (A1) remove nonsense mutation to restore essential protein expression, or (A2) induce a premature stop codon or (A3) remove an exon-encoding active site to downregulate the expression of an unwanted protein. Exon inclusion can be used to increase the production of an essential protein, while intron retention may be used to reduce the expression of an unwanted protein by inducing translational repression.