Table 1.
Transcriptome-identified genes up- (↑) or downregulated (↓) in the following conditions: (a) in APAs versus normal adrenal tissue or other adrenal adenomas; (b) in two different subgroups of APAs: ZF-like (in some studies defined as carrying KCNJ5 mutations) versus ZG-like (in some studies defined as either WT or as carrying the ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D or CTNNB1 mutations).
| Genes | Description | Trend |
|---|---|---|
| Steroidogenic enzymes | ||
| CYP11B2 | Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 2 | ↑(a), ↔ ↑(b) |
| CYP11B1 | Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 1 | ↑(b) |
| CYP21A2 | Cytochrome P450 Family 21 Subfamily A Member 2 | ↑(a) |
| HSD3B2 | Hydroxy-Delta-5-Steroid Dehydrogenase, 3 Beta- And Steroid Delta-Isomerase 2 | ↑(a) |
| CYP17A1 | Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1 | ↓ (a), ↑(b) * |
| CYP11A1 | Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1 | ↑(a) |
| AKR1C3 | Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 | ↓(a) |
| Nuclear receptors/transcription factors | ||
| NR4A2 | Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 (NURR1) | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| NR4A1 | Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 (NGF1B) | ↑(a) |
| NR0B1 | Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0 Group B Member 1 (DAX1) | ↑(a) * |
| NR5A1 | Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 5 Group A Member 1 (Steroidogenic factor 1 _ SF1) | ↑(a) |
| NR1B1 | Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARα) | ↓(a) |
| Plasma membrane receptor | ||
| SCARB1 | Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 1 (CD36) | ↑(a) |
| Ion channels | ||
| KCNK1 | Potassium Two Pore Domain Channel Subfamily K Member 1 (TWIK-1) | ↓(b) |
| KCNK5 | Potassium Two Pore Domain Channel Subfamily K Member 5 (TASK-2) | ↓(a) |
| SLC24A3 | Solute Carrier Family 24 Member 3 (sodium calcium exchanger) | ↓(b) |
| ANO4 | Anoctamin 4 (calcium dependent chloride channel) | ↓(a) |
| CACNA1A | Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 A | ↑(a) |
| CACNA1C | Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 C | ↑(a) |
| CACNA1E | Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 E | ↑(a) |
| Calcium signaling | ||
| CALM2 | Calmodulin 2 | ↑(a) |
| CALR | Calreticulin | ↑(a) |
| CAMK1 | Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase I | ↑(b) |
| CAMK2B | Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Beta | ↓(b) |
| CALN1 | Calneuron 1 | ↑(a) |
| ATP2A3 | ATPase Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Transporting 3 (SERCA3) | ↑(a) |
| CLGN | Calmegin | ↑(a) |
| PCP4 | Purkinje Cell Protein 4 | ↑(a) |
| VSNL1 | Visinin Like 1 | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| GSTA1 | Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 1 | ↓(a), ↓(b) |
| G-protein coupled receptors | ||
| LHCGR | Luteinizing Hormone/Choriogonadotropin Receptor | ↑(a) ** |
| GNRHR | Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor | ↑(a) |
| HTR2A | 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| HTR4 | 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 4 | ↑(a) |
| AGTR1 | Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 (AT1R) | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| PTGER1 | Prostaglandin E Receptor 1 | ↑(a) |
| GRM3 | Glutamate Metabotropic Receptor 3 | ↑(a) |
| EDNRB | Endothelin Receptor Type B | ↑(a) |
| MC2R | Melanocortin 2 Receptor | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| AVPR1A | Arginin Vasopressin Receptor 1A | ↓(a) |
| PTGFR | Prostaglandin F Receptor | ↓(a) |
| GPER1 | G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 | ↑(a) |
| Energy | ||
| FDX1 | Adrenodoxin | ↑(a) |
| POR | Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase | ↑(a) |
| CYB5 | Cytochrome B5 Type A | ↑(a) |
| ATAD3C | ATPase Family AAA Domain Containing 3C | ↑(a) |
| ACSS3 | Acyl-CoA Synthetase Short Chain Family Member 3 | ↑(b) |
| - | Genes related to lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and antioxidant systems | ↑(a) |
| Protein binding | ||
| NEFM | Neurofilament Medium Chain | ↓(b) |
| NPNT | Nephronectin | ↓(b) |
| MRAP | Melanocortin 2 Receptor Accessory Protein | ↑(a), ↑(b) |
| PROM1 | Prominin 1 | ↑(a) |
| SFRP2 | Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2 | ↓(a) |
| Cell growth/cell death | ||
| COPS5 | COP9 Signalosome Subunit 5 (JAB1) | ↑(a) |
| MYC | MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor | ↑(a) |
| IGFBP2 | Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 | ↑(a) |
| CCN3 | Cellular Communication Network Factor 3 (IGFBP9 or NOV) | ↑(a) |
| TDGF1 | Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor 1 | ↑(a) |
| BID | BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist | ↓(b) ** |
| BIRC2 | Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 2 | ↓(b) ** |
| BIRC3 | Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3 | ↓(b) ** |
| Immune response | ||
| - | Genes related to inflammatory response, interferon-γ response, and IL-6, JAK/STAT3 signaling | ↓(a) |
| DNA binding/RNA polymerase | ||
| GATA6 | GATA Binding Protein 6 | ↑(a) |
| PRRX1 | Paired Related Homeobox 1 | ↑(a) |
| DACH1 | Dachshund Family Transcription Factor 1 | ↓(a) |
| BEX1 | Brain-Expressed X-Linked 1 | ↑ (a), ↓(b) |
* Ambiguous results, please see text for details. ** Higher expression in CTNNB1 tumors.