Table 1.

Effect caused by bacteria, protozoan and viruses on mitochondria bioenergetics and dynamics.

Organism	Pathogen	Effect on Mitochondria
Virus	PRV	Fission [107]
	DENGV	Fusion [108]
	EBV	Reduced mitochondria content [109,110] Reduced Δψm, reduced ATP [111]
		Increased ROS and MMPT opening [111]
	Hepatitis B virus	Fission, perinuclear distribution [112]
	Hepatitis C virus	Fission, perinuclear distribution [113]
	HIV-1	Increased OXPHOS [114,115]
		Decreased Δψm [116]
		Fission, perinuclear distribution [116,117]
	Influenza A	Fusion and increased ROS [118]
	Influenza M2	Fusion and increased ROS [119]
	SARS-CoV	Fusion [120]
	SARS-CoV-2	Fusion [121,122,123]
		Increased ROS [124]
	HRV	Decreased ROS [125]
	HPV	Reduced cristae [126] Reduced Δψm [127]
		Increased ROS [126,128]
	Varicella zoster	Fission [129]
		Warburg effect [129,130,131]
Bacteria	Listeria monocytogenes	Fission [132]
		DRP1-independent fission [133,134]
	Legionella pneumophila	Reduced ATP, reduced oxygen consumption [135]
	Chlamydia trachomatis	Fusion [136]
		ROS production [137,138]
	Helicobacter pylori	Fission [139]
	Shigella flexneri	Fission [140,141]
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Fission, perinuclear distribution [137,138]
		Reduced Δψm [142,143]
		Increased Δψm and ATP [143]
Protozoa	Trypanosoma cruzi	Decreased OXPHOS activity [144,145]
		Reduced activity of GPx, GSH and MnSOD [146,147]
		Increased ROS [148,149,150]
		Increased oxidative stress [151,152]
		Increased basal respiration, proton leak and ATP production [153]
	Plasmodium spp.	Impaired Δψm, increased ROS [154]
		Fission and apoptosis [155,156,157]
	Toxoplasma gondii	Fission [158]
		Fusion [159]
		Increased ROS [158]
		Changed metabolism [160] OXPHOS [161]
		Decreased OXPHOS proteins [158]
	Leishmania spp.	Impaired Δψm [162]
		Metabolic shift [163]