Table 1.
Gambling (n = 4103) |
Gaming (n = 99) |
Sex (n = 44) |
Buying (n = 158) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p | |||
Gender | Women | 361 | 8.8% | 7 | 7.1% | 1 | 2.3% | 118 | 74.7% | <0.001 * | |
Men | 3742 | 91.2% | 92 | 92.9% | 43 | 97.7% | 40 | 25.3% | |||
Marital | Single | 1676 | 40.8% | 90 | 90.9% | 12 | 27.3% | 62 | 39.2% | <0.001 * | |
Married/ Partner |
1876 | 45.7% | 8 | 8.1% | 24 | 54.5% | 72 | 45.6% | |||
Divorced/ Separated |
551 | 13.4% | 1 | 1.0% | 8 | 18.2% | 24 | 15.2% | |||
Social | Mean-high to high |
248 | 6.0% | 4 | 4.0% | 10 | 22.7% | 27 | 17.1% | <0.001 * | |
Mean | 428 | 10.4% | 13 | 13.1% | 6 | 13.6% | 20 | 12.7% | |||
Mean-low | 1304 | 31.8% | 26 | 26.3% | 15 | 34.1% | 45 | 28.5% | |||
Low | 2123 | 51.7% | 56 | 56.6% | 13 | 29.5% | 66 | 41.8% | |||
Education | Primary | 2399 | 58.5% | 49 | 49.5% | 12 | 27.3% | 60 | 38.0% | <0.001 * | |
Secondary | 1449 | 35.3% | 41 | 41.4% | 19 | 43.2% | 64 | 40.5% | |||
University | 255 | 6.2% | 9 | 9.1% | 13 | 29.5% | 34 | 21.5% | |||
Occupational | Unemployment | 1797 | 43.8% | 79 | 79.8% | 13 | 29.5% | 83 | 52.5% | <0.001 * | |
Employed | 2306 | 56.2% | 20 | 20.2% | 31 | 70.5% | 75 | 47.5% | |||
Family support | No/partial | 1014 | 24.7% | 11 | 11.1% | 16 | 36.4% | 55 | 34.8% | <0.001 * | |
Yes | 3089 | 75.3% | 88 | 88.9% | 28 | 63.6% | 103 | 65.2% | |||
Debts due to beh.add. |
No |
765 |
18.6% |
70 |
70.7% |
30 |
68.2% |
48 |
30.4% |
<0.001 * |
|
Yes | 3338 | 81.4% | 29 | 29.3% | 14 | 31.8% | 110 | 69.6% | |||
α | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | ||
Chronological age (years-old) | 42.46 | 13.77 | 23.03 | 9.73 | 43.07 | 11.81 | 43.43 | 11.52 | <0.001 * | ||
Onset of disorder (years-old) | 30.23 | 12.11 | 18.40 | 8.74 | 32.89 | 12.81 | 33.75 | 12.17 | <0.001 * | ||
Duration of disorder (years) | 6.10 | 6.08 | 3.99 | 2.84 | 6.34 | 5.66 | 7.03 | 6.20 | 0.001 * | ||
SCL-90R Somatic | 0.908 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 1.46 | 1.02 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Obsessive-compulsive | 0.884 | 1.15 | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.76 | 1.48 | 0.99 | 1.87 | 1.01 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Interpersonal sensit. | 0.876 | 1.03 | 0.81 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 1.31 | 0.88 | 1.58 | 1.05 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Depression | 0.913 | 1.51 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 1.68 | 0.97 | 2.11 | 1.04 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Anxiety | 0.897 | 1.02 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.93 | 1.56 | 1.06 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Hostility | 0.853 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 1.16 | 1.01 | 1.33 | 1.04 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Phobic anxiety | 0.829 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.66 | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.96 | 1.05 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Paranoia | 0.789 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 1.14 | 0.85 | 1.38 | 0.97 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R Psychotic | 0.860 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.71 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 1.17 | 0.88 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R GSI | 0.981 | 1.06 | 0.69 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 1.27 | 0.78 | 1.57 | 0.88 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R PST | 0.981 | 46.18 | 21.69 | 38.02 | 20.38 | 51.18 | 23.25 | 55.77 | 21.07 | <0.001 * | |
SCL-90R PSDI | 0.981 | 1.89 | 0.59 | 1.81 | 0.62 | 2.11 | 0.59 | 2.35 | 0.68 | <0.001 * | |
TCI-R Novelty seeking | 0.702 | 109.24 | 13.12 | 102.19 | 12.93 | 107.34 | 14.84 | 114.05 | 14.01 | <0.001 * | |
TCI-R Harm avoidance | 0.818 | 100.81 | 15.81 | 102.26 | 18.69 | 102.70 | 16.10 | 110.89 | 18.75 | <0.001 * | |
TCI-R Reward dependence | 0.772 | 98.16 | 13.61 | 93.32 | 17.03 | 97.91 | 16.20 | 101.98 | 15.40 | <0.001 * | |
TCI-R Persistence | 0.886 | 108.23 | 18.50 | 94.75 | 18.53 | 104.36 | 20.52 | 106.37 | 17.03 | <0.001 * | |
TCI-R Self-directedness | 0.856 | 127.48 | 19.87 | 128.30 | 22.03 | 120.16 | 20.21 | 123.89 | 22.07 | 0.013 * | |
TCI-R Cooperativeness | 0.806 | 130.22 | 15.13 | 129.47 | 18.47 | 124.93 | 16.17 | 132.91 | 15.29 | 0.015 * | |
TCI-R Self-transcendence | 0.831 | 63.47 | 14.07 | 59.82 | 14.83 | 63.32 | 14.40 | 65.54 | 15.32 | 0.019 * |
Note. SD: standard deviation. α: Cronbach alpha in the sample. * Bold: significant comparison (0.05).