Table 3.
Multivariable Models for Cognitive Domains*
| Immediate Memory | Delayed Recall | Psychomotor and Mental Efficiency | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | t-value | p-value | β | SE | t-value | p-value | β | SE | t-value | p-value | |
| Age (per 1 year) | −0·015 | 0·003 | –4·96 | <0·0001 | −0·013 | 0·004 | –3·26 | 0·0011 | −0·039 | 0·003 | −11·70 | <0·0001 |
| Sex (men vs. women) | −0·265 | 0·047 | −5·66 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Education (per 1 year) | 0·036 | 0·007 | 5·60 | <0·0001 | 0·042 | 0·008 | 5·05 | <0·0001 | 0·102 | 0·009 | 11·61 | <0·0001 |
| HbA1c (per 1 %)† | −0·088 | 0·017 | −5·30 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Severe hypoglycemia (≥1 vs. 0 cumulative events)‡ | −0·178 | 0·040 | −4·50 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (per 5 mm Hg)† | −0·013 | 0·003 | −4·98 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Pulse rate (per 1 bpm)† | −0·006 | 0·003 | −2·22 | 0·027 | ||||||||
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1·73 m2 (yes vs. no)§ | −0·173 | 0·050 | −3·44 | 0·0008 | −0·241 | 0·057 | −4·25 | <0·0001 | ||||
| PDR (yes vs. no)§ | −0·144 | 0·053 | −2·73 | 0·0067 | ||||||||
| CSME (yes vs. no)§ | −0·430 | 0·076 | −5·64 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Confirmed clinical neuropathy (yes vs. no)§ | −0·235 | 0·050 | −4·66 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (yes vs. no)§ | −0·101 | 0·040 | –2·50 | 0·013 | −0·257 | 0·046 | −5·55 | <0·0001 | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease (yes vs. no)§ | −0·293 | 0·069 | −4·22 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
Data are beta coefficients, standard errors, t-values, and p-values from three separate generalized linear mixed models evaluating the association of each domain with all of the risk factors entered into the model together. With the exception of age and sex, each covariate was entered into the model as a time-dependent covariate. Covariates that did not enter into any of the three models were not included in the table. Beta estimates are equal to the difference in means between groups or the slope of the association (e.g. increase or decrease in mean domain score for every 1-unit change in the time-dependent covariate). The signed t-value corresponds to the magnitude and directionality of the association. eGFR denotes estimated glomerular filtration, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and CSME clinically-significant macular edema.
Risk factors were characterized by the time-weighted mean of all follow-up values since DCCT baseline up to each visit, weighting each value by the time interval since the last measurement.
Severe hypoglycemia was defined as events leading to coma or seizure documented by self-report for the 3-month period prior to each annual study visit. “Cumulative” refers to the running sum of all events up to each cognitive evaluation.
Any report between DCCT baseline and each annual study visit.