Figure 2.

Putative common mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease, methylmalonic acidaemia, and lysosomal storage disorders. α-Synuclein, PINK1, and parkin are proteins frequently mutated in neurodegenerative disorders causing abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, including altered mitochondrial morphology, impaired MRC function and mitophagy, misfolded proteins, and reduced ΔΨm. These consequences result in mitochondrial dysfunction, triggering neuronal dysfunction that leads to neurodegeneration and neuronal death (created using biorender.com). PINK1—TEN-induced kinase 1; MRC—mitochondrial respiratory chain; MPTP—mitochondrial permeability transition pore; ΔΨm—mitochondrial membrane potential; ATP—adenosine triphosphate; ROS—reactive oxygen species; OMM—outer mitochondrial membrane.