Table 1.

Factors associated with the obesity development.

Types of Risk Factors	Specific Risk Factors
Genetics	Melanocortin-4 receptor mutation, leptin deficiency, pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency, variant rs9939609 of the FTO gene, parental obesity, and epigenetic modifications
Behavioral history	Nutrition, eating behavior, poor dietary choices, high calories, high-fat food, sugar-sweetened beverages, physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, insufficient sleep, stress, and smoking cessation
Socioeconomic	Low incomes, poverty, low education, unemployment, industrialization, mechanized transportation, urbanization, and socioeconomic status
Environmental	Cultural influences, television watching, fast food restaurants, culture, social bias, and environmental chemicals
Biological	Gut microbiome, viruses, brain-gut axis, prenatal determinants, pregnancy, gestational diabetes, menopause, neuroendocrine conditions, medications, and physical disability

Abbreviations: FTO, fat mass and obesity-associated.