Table 1.

General information and main functions of MAP kinase phosphatases (MKP).

Classification	Gene Symbol	Synonyms	Chromosomal Localization	Cell Localization	MAPK Substrates (Others)	Inducible by MAPKs	Main Functions in Physiological and Pathophysiological States
Typical MKPs	DUSP1	MKP1	5	Nuclear	JNK, p38 > ERK	ERK, p38	Involved in infectious diseases, pulmonary diseases, inflammatory disorders, atherosclerosis, tumorigenesis and tumor progression [22].
	DUSP2	PAC1	2	Nuclear	ERK, JNK, p38	ERK, JNK	Involved in immune and inflammatory responses, cancer, CLN3 disease and endometriosis [23].
	DUSP4	MKP2	8	Nuclear	ERK, JNK > p38	ERK	Involved in inflammatory cytokine secretion, susceptibility to sepsis shock, and resistance to Leishmania mexicana infection [24,25].
	DUSP5	hVH3	10	Nuclear	ERK	ERK	Plays an anti-inflammatory role and has tumor suppressive functions in several types of cancer [26].
	DUSP6	MKP3	12	Cytoplasmic	ERK	ERK	Plays a role in carcinogenesis in several cancers as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor [27].
	DUSP7	MKPX	3	Cytoplasmic	ERK, JNK, p38	N/D	Involved in some cancers [28].
	DUSP8	hVH5	11	Dually-located	ERK, JNK, p38	N/D	Plays a role in the central nervous system, circulatory system, urinary system, immune system, genetic diseases and cancers [29].
	DUSP9	MKP4	X	Cytoplasmic	ERK >> p38, JNK	N/D	Involved in development of cardiac dystrophy, metabolic diseases and cancers [30,31,32,33,34].
					(MAP3K5/ASK1)
	DUSP10	MKP5	1	Dually-located	JNK, p38 >> ERK	N/D	Involved in immune response, anti-inflammatory response and some cancers [35].
	DUSP16	MKP7	12	Dually-located	JNK	N/D	Involved in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and some cancers [36].
Atypical MKPs	DUSP14	MKP6	17	Dually-located	ERK, JNK, p38	N/D	Involved in immune response, bone diseases and cancers [37].
	DUSP26	MKP8	8	Nuclear	p38	N/D	Regulates neuronal cell proliferation and acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on the cellular context [38].

Data were also extracted from the following publications: [3,11,14,16,39,40,41,42]. N/D: not determinate.