4E-BP1	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
eIF-2B	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B
eIF-4F	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F
eIF-4E	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
Akt1	Protein kinase B,
AMPK	5’ AMP-activated protein kinase
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
Bax	Apoptosis regulator BAX
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
CHO	Carbohydrates
CK	Creatine kinase
CNS	Central nervous system
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 2019
DCA	Dichloroacetate
E3-ligases.	ubiquitin ligase
eIF-2B	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B
eNOS endothelial	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
FoxO3a	Forkhead box O3
GDF8	myostatin or growth differentiation factor 8
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3
GWI	Gulf War illness
HERV-W	Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
HERVs	human endogenous retroviruses
HSP70	heat shock protein 70kDa
IL-6	Interleukin 6
iNOS inducible	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
MAFbx	F-box only protein 32
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEF-2	myocyte enhancer factor-2
MF	Muscle fatigue
MnSOD	Mitochondrial isoform of superoxide dismutase
MS	Multiple Sclerosis
MSRV	MS-associated retrovirus
mTOR	mechanistic target of rapamycin
MuRF1	muscle RING-finger protein-1
Myf5	Myogenic factor 5
MyoD	myoblast determination protein 1
MyoD88	myeloid differentiation primary response 88
Myogenin	Muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor
Myonuclei	nuclei of a muscle fiber located in the space between myofibrils and sarcolemma
GDF8	Myostatin or growth differentiation factor 8
NADPH oxidase	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced oxidase
nNOS neuronal	Neuronal nitric oxide synthase
NO	nitric oxide
p70s6k	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
PDC	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
PDK4	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4
PI3k	Phosphoinositide 3-kinases
PPARδ	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta
RhoA	Transforming protein RhoA/Ras homolog family member actor
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SAPK/JNK	Stress-activated protein kinase
Smac/DIABLO	Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase
Th17	T helper 17 cell
TLR2	toll-like receptor 2
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Tregs	regulatory T cells
UPP	Ubiquitin ATP-dependent proteasome