Figure 5.

Autophagy is potentially reduced in CeO₂ NP-treated cells. (a) Immunoblots of LC3-II expression in CeO₂ NP-treated cells with and without the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. (n = 4) (b) The 100 µM and 500 µM CeO₂ NP showed reduced autophagic flux in a dose-dependent manner when calculated using the ratio of LC3-II expression in chloroquine-treated and chloroquine-untreated cells and measured using densitometry analysis (n = 4). (c) p62 expression was increased in 100 µM and 500 µM CeO₂ NP-treated cells when investigated using immunoblotting (n = 5). Error bars represent SEM; ANOVA was used to calculate significance.