Table 1.
LD50 and LC50 results for imidacloprid in honey bees (Apis mellifera).
| Oral LD50a (ng Per Bee) |
Contact LD50 (ng Per Bee) | Oral LC50a (ppm) | Test Period | Honey Bee | Tested Areas | Hours | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adults | NA | 40 | NA | NA | NA | USA | 24 | [37] |
| 5.4 (5.2–1.6) | 23.8 (22.3–25.3) | NA | NA | Apis mellifera mellifera | France | 24 | [24] | |
| 6.6 (5.1–8.1) | 15.1 (11.9–18.3) | Apis mellifera caucasica | ||||||
| 4.8 (4.5–5.1) | 24.3 (22.0–26.6) | NA | NA | Apis mellifera mellifera | 48 | |||
| 6.5 (4.7–8.3) | 12.8 (9.7–15.9) | Apis mellifera caucasica | ||||||
| 41 | NA | NA | Jul-99 | NA | Germany I | 72 | [26] | |
| 20 | 104 (83.0–130) | Jul-99 | The Netherlands I | |||||
| 81 | 61.0 (26.0–90.0) | May-00 | Germany II | |||||
| 81 | 50.0 (9.1–71.0) | May-00 | United Kingdom I | |||||
| 81 | 42.0 (20.0–59.0) | May-00 | Germany III | |||||
| 81 | 42.9 (34.6–53.2) | May-00 | Germany IV | |||||
| 81 | 74.9 (61.8–90.9) | Jul-00 | Germany V | |||||
| 57 ± 28 | NA | NA | NA | NA | France | 48 | [25] | |
| 37 ± 10 | 72 | |||||||
| 37 ± 10 | 96 | |||||||
| 3.7 (2.6–5.3) | 81 (55.0–119.0) | NA | NA | NA | UK | 48 | [2] | |
| > 21.0 | 230.3 | Netherlands | ||||||
| 40.9 | nt | Germany | ||||||
| 11.6 (7.3-18.3) | 242.6 (173.3–353.4) | |||||||
| 21.2 (15.0-29.6) | 59.7 (39.1–92.7) | |||||||
| NA | 17.9 (9.2–31.5) | NA | Jun to Sep-99 | NA | USA | 24 | [38] | |
| 30.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | France | 48 | [39] | |
| 25.4 ± 22.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | France | 48 | [40] | |
| 118.74 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Italy | 24 | [23] | |
| 90.09 | 48 | |||||||
| 69.68 | 72 | |||||||
| NA | 29 | 0.003 | NA | NA | Egypt | 24 | [27] | |
| 26 | 0.0006 | 48 | ||||||
| larvae | 4170 (2960–5850) | NA | 138.84 (98.20–196.30) | NA | NA | USA. | 72 | [28] |
| 1400 | NA | NA | NA | Taiwan | 268 | [41] | ||